By date •
May 5:
Lunar eclipse, in which the moon becomes totally dark (according to the
Peterborough Chronicle), due to an earlier volcanic eruption putting aerosols into the upper atmosphere of the earth, thus cutting off the
earthlight.
By place Asia •
Second Chola invasion of Kalinga: The
Chola emperor
Kulottunga I, angered that the Kalinga king
Anantavarman Chodaganga has failed to pay tribute for two consecutive years, orders a punitive expedition. He sends his general
Karunakara Tondaiman (with involvement of the young prince
Vikrama Chola) to lead the invasion. The
Chola forces march across the rivers Palar, Pennar, Krishna, Godavari, enter Kalinga territory, defeat the elephant corps sent by
Anantavarman, ravage the land, and force
Anantavarman to flee.
Levant • Spring –
Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic ruler (
atabeg) of
Mosul, leads an expedition to capture the territories of the Crusaders (belonging to the
County of Edessa) east of the river
Euphrates. He besieges the fortress city of
Edessa, but is forced to retreat when King
Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by
Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force. •
February–
May – Crusaders under Baldwin I
besiege Beirut.
Genoese and
Pisan ships blockade the harbour;
Fatimid ships from
Tyre and
Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to
Cyprus. On
May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault and the Italians carry out a massacre among the inhabitants. •
October–
December – Crusaders under Baldwin I (supported by King
Sigurd I) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour, but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a
Venetian squadron under Doge
Ordelafo Faliero. On
December 4, the city capitulates (under notable terms) to Baldwin. •
December –
Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of
Galilee, brings the Crusader castle
Krak des Chevaliers in
Syria under his control. He remains
regent of the
Principality of Antioch in the name of his cousin
Bohemond II.
Europe •
Henry V, King of Germany, invades
Italy with a large army and concludes an agreement with
Pope Paschal II at
Sutri. Henry renounces the right of investiture (a dispute with the former
Henry IV). In return, Paschal promises to crown him emperor and to restore to the
Holy Roman Empire all the lands given to the German church (since the time of
Charlemagne). •
July 25 – Henry V marries 8-year-old
Matilda (daughter of King
Henry I of England). She is crowned
Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at
Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of
Bruno, archbishop of
Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government. • The dukedom of
Bohemia is secured for
Vladislaus I following the death of
Svatopluk ("the Lion") who is assassinated. Vladislaus receives support from Henry V and will rule until
1125. •
Almoravid forces under Sultan
Ali ibn Yusuf occupy
Zaragoza (modern
Spain), bringing all of
Andalusia's Muslim states under Almoravid control.
England • King Henry I has improvements made at
Windsor Castle, including a
chapel, so that he can use the castle as his formal residence.
By topic Literature • The
Rus' Primary Chronicle is completed. The work is considered to be a fundamental source in the history of the
East Slavs. • Approximate date of composition of
Jayamkondar's
Kalingattuparani, a
Tamil epic celebrating the victory of
Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga king
Anantavarman Chodaganga in the
Chola invasion of Kalinga that takes place around this year.
Religion • Construction begins on
Fontevraud Abbey in the French duchy of
Anjou. == Births ==