19 (number)

.|150px 19 is the eighth prime number. 19 forms a twin prime with 17, a cousin prime with 23, and a sexy prime with 13. 19 is a strictly non-palindromic number in any base, and a Heegner number. 19 is the maximum number of fourth powers needed to sum up to any natural number (see, Waring's problem). It is the number of compositions of 8 into distinct parts. The number of nodes in regular hexagon with all diagonals drawn is nineteen. • The only nontrivial normal magic hexagon is composed of nineteen cells, where every diagonal of consecutive hexagons has sums equal to 38, or twice 19. • A hexaflexagon is a strip of nineteen alternating triangular faces that can flex into a regular hexagon, such that any two of six colorings on triangles can be oriented to align on opposite sides of the folded figure. \tfrac {1} {19} can be used to generate the first full, non-normal prime reciprocal magic square in decimal whose rows, columns and diagonals — in a 18 x 18 array — all generate a magic constant of 81 = 92. Finite simple groups 19 is a supersingular prime, a member in the sequence of fifteen such primes that divide the order of the Friendly Giant \mathrm {F_{1}}. Additionally, 19 also divides the orders of the Janko groups \mathrm {J_{1}} and \mathrm {J_{3}}. ==Science==

features a design of 19 hexagons.|140px • The James Webb Space Telescope's optical elements are in an array of 19 hexagons, wherein 18 segmented primary mirrors focus light into a centered secondary mirror situated above the collecting mirrors, that in-turn reflects back onto the telescope's central imagers. It is a shape akin to the order-3 magic hexagon. • The Metonic cycle is almost exactly 19 years long. ==Religion==

Islam • The number of angels guarding Hell ("Hellfire") ("Saqar") according to the Qur'an: "Over it are nineteen" (74:30), after which the Qur'an describes this number as being "a trial for those who disbelieve" (74:31), a sign for people of the scripture to be "convinced" (74:31) and that believers "will increase in faith" (74:31) due to it. • The Number of Verse and Sura together in the Qur'an which announces Jesus son of Maryam's (Mary's) birth (Qur'an 19:19). Baháʼí Faith In the Bábí and Baháʼí Faiths, a group of 19 is called a Váhid, a Unity (). The numerical value of this word in the Abjad numeral system is 19. • The Baháʼí calendar is structured such that a year contains 19 months of 19 days each (along with the intercalary period of Ayyám-i-Há), as well as a 19-year cycle and a 361-year (19x19) supercycle. • The Báb and his disciples formed a group of 19. • There were 19 Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh. Celtic paganism 19 is a sacred number of the goddess Brigid because it is said to represent the 19-year cycle of the Great Celtic Year and the amount of time it takes the Moon to coincide with the winter solstice. ==Music==

• Nineteen has been used as an alternative to twelve for a division of the octave into equal parts. This idea goes back to Salinas in the sixteenth century, and is interesting in part because it gives a system of meantone tuning, being close to 1/3 comma meantone. See 19 equal temperament. • Some organs use the 19th harmonic to approximate a minor third. ==Literature==

• Stephen King's eight-book epic The Dark Tower saga employs the number 19 in books The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, The Dark Tower V: Wolves of the Calla, The Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah, The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower, and The Wind Through the Keyhole as a mysterious and important number. They refer to the "ka-tet of 19", "Directive Nineteen," many names add up to 19, 19 seems to permeate every aspect of Roland and his traveler's lives. In addition, the number ends up being a powerful key. ==Games==

• Though the maximum score for a cribbage hand is 29, there is no combination of cards that adds up to 19 points. Many cribbage players, therefore, jokingly refer to a zero-point hand as "a 19 hand". ==Age 19==

• In four countries (Algeria, South Korea, United States (Alabama and Nebraska), and Canada), 19 is the age of majority. • In two countries (South Korea and Canada), 19 is the minimum legal drinking age. • In three countries (Algeria, South Korea, and Canada), 19 is the minimum legal smoking age. • The minimum age for the NBA draft is 19 years old. ==In sports==

• In golf, the '19th hole' is the clubhouse bar and in match play, if there is a tie after 18 holes, an extra hole(s) is played. In miniature golf, it is an extra hole on which the winner earns an instant prize. ==References==