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2013 Shapla Square protests

The Shapla Square protests, also known as the Operation Flash Out by security forces, was the protests and subsequent shootings of protesters on 5 and 6 May 2013 at Shapla Square, located in the Motijheel district, the main financial area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The protests were organized by the Islamist advocacy group, Hefazat-e Islam, who were demanding the enactment of a blasphemy law. The government responded to the protests by cracking down on the protesters using a combined force drawn from the police, Rapid Action Battalion and paramilitary Border Guard Bangladesh to drive the protesters out of Shapla Square.

Background
13 point demand In early 2013, Hefajat-e Islam emerged as a pressure group composed of madrassah teachers and students, led by Shah Ahmad Shafi, rector of Hathazari Madrasah. including the depiction of Muhammad as a pornographic character. • Restoration the phrase "Complete faith and trust in the Almighty Allah" in the nation's constitution; • Enact a blasphemy law; • Stopping "infiltration of all 'alien-culture', in the name of individual's freedom of expression, including free mixing of male and female" and candle lighting. Stopping harassment of women, open fornication and adultery, sexual harassment, all forms of violence against women and an end to the tradition of dowry; • Make Islamic education mandatory from primary to higher secondary levels, cancelling the women's, and anti-religion, education policy; • Declaration of Ahmadiyyas as non-Muslim; • Stop the extrajudicial killing of ulema; It also urged the government to appoint an independent commission to investigate the killing of civilians since February, and prosecute those responsible for unlawful killings and use of force. == Protests ==
Protests
5 May Hefazat-e-Islam organized a protest on 5 May demanding a trial of "atheist bloggers", and new legislation for the punishment for blasphemy. At about 3:00 pm, while Hefazat leaders were delivering speeches, the Secretary General of the Awami League, Sayed Ashraful Islam, demanded, via press conference, that they leave Dhaka. Hefazat claimed that their workers were unarmed and had come under attack by police and Bangladesh Chhatra League activists at Gulistan, Purana Paltan and Baitul Mukarram, and in front of the Communist Party offices. They violently attacked others in front of the Awami League headquarter at Paltan, Dhaka, and allegedly set fire to a number of book stores near the Baitul Mukarram mosque. 6 May By nightfall, many of the demonstrators had left the city, but about 50,000- 70,000 still remained in Shapla Square. Hefazat members held prayers at the square and were addressed by their leaders. At around 2.15 am on 6 May, security forces cut power to the area. At 2:30 a.m. about 5000 members of the security forces launched "Operation Shapla", or "Operation Flash Out", to remove them. The forces included members of the Bangladesh Police, RAB, and BGB. At first they used megaphones, asking the protesters to leave the area peacefully. Then, moving in from three directions via Dainik Bangla, Fakirapool and Bangladesh Bank intersection, security forces used tear gas, rubber bullets, and sound grenades to disperse the demonstrators. Most fled the area, but others hid in side streets and buildings, where they were shot down by security forces. Hefazat alleges that the bodies were then picked up by garbage trucks and dumped outside the city. Ahmad Shafi was escorted away from a madrassa in Dhaka and flown to Chittagong. Police insisted he was not arrested but was leaving voluntarily. On the following morning, the protests spread across the country. In Narayanganj, students and teachers of a local madrasa held protests and blockaded the Dhaka-Chittagong highway. In return, police fired on the protesters, killing 27. In Hathazari Upazila, six people were shot dead by police, while in Bagerhat, a Hefazat member died in a clash between protesters and police. ==Casualties==
Casualties
According to government estimates, the number of casualties in this operation was 11, including a few law enforcement members, while the Daily Star reported 5 deaths. Human rights group Odhikar reported 61 deaths, but refused to reveal the names of the victims out of security concerns for their families. Many individuals, including orphan children, were missing, which may have contributed to the discrepancies in casualties. Amnesty International demanded that Bangladesh government set up an independent and impartial investigation immediately to look into police excesses. On 19 August 2024, the organization Odhikar released a list of 61 individuals who were killed by law enforcement during the protests. On 6 May 2025, Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh published a list of 93 individuals who were killed during the event. == Censorship ==
Censorship
Diganta TV and Islamic TV channel were broadcasting live footage of the raid on Motijheel when they were forced off-air on the dawn of 6 May. Critics have accused the Sheikh Hasina government of using the Islamist issue to silence dissidents. ==Reactions==
Reactions
Domestic Government In response to the massacre allegations, police claimed the operation resulted in “zero casualty” while 14 party leaders claimed it to be "bloodless." She also blamed the attack on her arch rival Khaleda Zia, claiming: “She (Khaleda) is the instigator, she is the issuer of order.” to the protests. Opposition The opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party compared the attacks to the Pakistani crackdown on 25 March and Jalianwala Bagh massacres. and called a general strike all over Bangladesh on 12 May 2013. but refused to provide any names of the victims report, citing security concerns for the families of the victims. The Ain O Shalish Kendro demanded impartial investigation "to deal with them (Hefazat-e-Islam) more strategically and responsibly." International UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon voiced concern over the killing of unarmed protesters in Bangladesh and requested the government to sit with religious and political leaders. Hefazat denies the charges. filed cases in the International Criminal Court against 25 Bangladeshi ministers and security officials, including Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina for alleged "torture, forced disappearance, extrajudicial executions and mass killings", Ahmed Ziauddin, a Brussels based Bangladeshi lawyer who was accused of influencing the proceedings of Bangladesh's International Crimes Tribunal at the instruction of Bangladesh government, stated- "I am not sure about the objective of it and I am sure those Washington-based organisations have some political motives. They may have been trying to create political hype since filing a complaint in the ICC does not mean proceedings of a case will start immediately" On 10 August 2013, police raided the offices of Odhikar and arrested its general secretary, Adilur Rahman Khan. In a press briefing, police officials said they found the list of 61 deaths and released it to the media. In a press statement, the US Department of State expressed deep concern over the arrest and demanded his immediate release. == Trial and legacy ==
Trial and legacy
After the July Uprising in 2024, the International Crimes Tribunal set up a probe into the 2013 crackdown and massacre at Shapla Square. The probed named the then Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina as the person who directly ordered the massacre. The charges also named Awami League General Secretary Obaidul Quader, former ministers Rashed Khan Menon and Hasan Mahmud, and former Dhaka South mayor Sheikh Fazle Noor Taposh, former advisers to the prime minister Salman F Rahman and Tarique Ahmed Siddique, former army chief Aziz Ahmed, and several media executives including Mozammel Haque Babu. == See also ==
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