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2023 Atlantic hurricane season

The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth-most active Atlantic hurricane season on record with 20 named storms forming, tied with 1933. Among them, 7 became hurricanes, with 3 reaching major hurricane strength. The season also had an above‑normal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 148.2, despite the presence of the 2023–24 El Niño event, which typically results in less activity, and had the most storms for an El Niño year on record, largely due to record-warm sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic. However, the formation of subtropical or tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of a subtropical storm on January 16, the earliest start of an Atlantic hurricane season since Hurricane Alex in January 2016. Because the system was operationally assessed as non-tropical by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and designated after the fact, it went without a name.

Seasonal forecasts
In advance of, and during, the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season, various forecasts of hurricane activity were issued by national meteorological services, scientific agencies, and research groups. Among them were forecasts from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Climate Prediction Center, Mexico's Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN), Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), the United Kingdom's Met Office (UKMO), and Colorado State University (CSU). Forecasters track weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. According to NOAA and CSU, the average Atlantic hurricane season between 1991 and 2020 contained roughly 14 tropical storms, seven hurricanes, three major hurricanes, and an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 74–126 units. Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of . NOAA typically categorizes a season as above-average, average, or below-average based on the cumulative ACE index, but the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a hurricane season is sometimes also considered. On April 27, University of Missouri (MU) issued their predictions of 10 named storms, 4 between categories one and two, and 3 major hurricanes. On May 1, University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) released their forecast for 12 to 20 named storms. On May 4, SMN issued its forecast for the Atlantic basin, anticipating 10 to 16 named storms overall, with 3 to 7 hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes. On May 25, NOAA announced its forecast, calling for 12 to 17 named storms, 5 to 9 hurricanes, and 1 to 4 major hurricanes, with a 40% chance of a near-normal season and 30% each for an above-average season and a below-average season. One day later, UKMO issued its forecast calling for an extremely active season, with 20 named storms, 11 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 222 units. There was a wide range of conclusions among the groups making pre-season forecasts. With regard to number of hurricanes, projections ranged from 5 by SMN to 11 by UKMO. This reflected an uncertainty on the part of the various organizations about how the expected late-summer El Niño event and near record-warm sea surface temperatures would together impact tropical activity. Mid-season forecasts On June 1, CSU issued an updated forecast, now expecting a near-average season with 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 125 units, due to a rise in main development region sea surface temperatures to near record-highs, which, they reasoned, could offset increased wind shear from the impending El Niño. On June 16, UA updated its seasonal prediction, which indicates a very active hurricane season, with 25 named storms, 12 hurricanes, 6 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 260 units. On July 6, CSU issued an updated forecast increasing their numbers, predicting a very active season; they now expect 18 storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, with an ACE index of 160 units. The following day, TSR released the first seasonal prediction, predicting a slightly above average year with 17 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 125. UKMO updated their forecast on August 1, slightly decreasing the number of tropical storms and hurricanes to 19 and 9, respectively, while increasing the number of major hurricanes from 5 to 6. On August 3, CSU issued their final prediction, with no changes to the amount of tropical storm, hurricanes, and major hurricanes. TSR's last forecast, published on August 8, only adjusted the number of major hurricanes from two to three. Citing record-warm sea surface temperatures, a warm phase of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, and El Niño, NOAA's second prediction, released on August 10, called for 14 to 21 tropical storms, 6 to 11 hurricanes, and 2 to 5 major hurricanes. ==Seasonal summary==
Seasonal summary
Background (left), Franklin (center), and Tropical Depression Eleven, which would become Jose (far right). The remnants of Gert, which later regenerated, are also visible between Franklin and Eleven.|alt=Two hurricanes on the right, Eleven and Gert on the left Officially, the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season ran from June 1 to November 30. A total of 21 tropical cyclones formed, 20 of which intensified into nameable storms, ranking the season as the fourth-most active in terms of number of tropical or subtropical storms, tied with 1933. Of those, seven strengthened into a hurricane, with three systems reaching major hurricane intensity. Thus, the season was above-average compared to NOAA's 1991–2020 mean of fourteen named storms, while equaling the normal number of hurricanes and major hurricanes, seven and three, respectively. Meteorologists such as Jonathan Belles and Phil Klotzbach argued that El Niño impacted the season by significantly weakening and shifting the Bermuda high-pressure system eastward, causing several storms to recurve out to sea much farther east than usual or drift aimlessly over the central Atlantic, rather than being pushed westward towards the continental United States, Mexico, or Central America. Consequently, only three systems made landfall in the United States. Few tropical cyclones in the Atlantic in 2023 left significant impacts. The most destructive storm, Idalia, caused 12 deaths and approximately $3.6 billion in damage in August despite making landfall in Florida at Category 3 hurricane intensity, due to crossing mostly rural areas. This season's ACE index was approximately 148.2 units, roughly 21% above average. This number represents sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000. Therefore, tropical depressions are not included. No additional tropical or subtropical activity occurred in the basin prior to the official start of the season on June 1. Tropical Depression Two formed on opening day in the Gulf of Mexico. It became the season's first named storm, Arlene, on June 2. The two developed in the Main Development Region (MDR) from successive tropical waves coming off the coast of West Africa. Their formation also marked the first time on record that two tropical storms formed in the MDR during the month of June. Next, Subtropical Storm Don formed over the central Atlantic on July 14. A long-lived storm, it later became fully tropical and strengthened into the season's first hurricane as it meandered around the ocean far from land. Peak to late activity Following a lull in activity, tropical cyclogenesis increased to an unprecedented level in late August. Between August 19 and 21, four depressions formed, which quickly intensified into named storms: Emily, Franklin, Gert, and Harold. Emily formed in the eastern Atlantic, lasting only about 24 hours before dissipating. Franklin moved across the Dominican Republic as a tropical storm, before intensifying into a Category 4 hurricane in the western Atlantic. Gert became a remnant low on August 22, but regenerated into a tropical depression at the end of the month. The quick pace of storm formation continued into September, the climatological peak of the hurricane season. On September 1, Tropical Storm Katia formed northwest of Cabo Verde in the far eastern Atlantic. They were joined by Hurricane Nigel, which formed midway between the Lesser Antilles and Cabo Verde Islands on September 15. Nigel remained far from any land masses, and became extratropical on September 22. Philippe remained a tropical cyclone until October 6, making it the longest-lasting system of the 2023 season. On September 28, Tropical Storm Rina developed well east of the Lesser Antilles. At that time, Philippe and Rina were approximately apart, which is close enough to influence each other's movement and development. After a brief letup in activity, Tropical Storm Sean developed in the eastern tropical Atlantic on October 11. Later, on October 18, Hurricane Tammy formed. A few days later, short-lived Tropical Depression Twenty-One formed offshore Nicaragua, moved inland, and soon dissipated. The season effectively ended when Tammy transitioned into a remnant low on October 29. No tropical cyclones formed in the Atlantic in the month of November, although a tropical disturbance over the Caribbean Sea was briefly designated as a potential tropical cyclone. ==Systems==
Systems
Unnamed subtropical storm An amplified mid-latitude deep-layer trough moved offshore the East Coast of the United States on January 14. After becoming cutoff from polar flow to the north, the trough decelerated and developed some convection, due to cold air aloft resulting in high atmospheric instability and sea surface temperatures around over the Gulf Stream. A non-tropical low-pressure area formed on January 15. it became a subtropical storm around 12:00 UTC about southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, with sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system then intensified, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) early on January 17. Thereafter, some weakening occurred as the cyclone moved away from the Gulf Stream. At 12:45 UTC on January 17, it made landfall at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), then soon became a post-tropical low, before dissipating over far eastern Quebec the next day. The most intense winds related to the storm remained offshore, limiting impacts on land. Wind gusts ranging from 45–55 mph (75–90 km/h) occurred in eastern Plymouth County, downing some trees. In Nova Scotia, the storm brought wind gusts of near to Sable Island. Convection associated with this disturbance, a non-tropical mid- to upper-level trough, spawned a surface low on the following day. Hurricane hunters investigated the depression on the morning of June 2, and determined that it had strengthened into Tropical Storm Arlene. Moving southward, Arlene remained a minimal tropical storm throughout the day with sustained winds of . At 06:00 UTC on June 3, it weakened to a tropical depression, six hours before degenerating into a remnant low about west of Key West, Florida. The low subsequently dissipated north of Cuba the next day. including a peak total of in Lakeland. However, this precipitation was mostly beneficial, alleviating drought conditions along with other rains that week. Nearby, winds caused the partial roof collapse of an apartment building in Pembroke Park, forcing two families to evacuate. Damage from this incident totaled $50,000. The remnants of Arlene also dropped rainfall on several islands in the Bahamas, peaking at of precipitation in Cockburn Town. The remnant wave later crossed Central America and contributed to the formation of Hurricane Beatriz. Bret brought gusty winds and heavy rains to the Windward Islands, damaging 17 homes and the roofs of 35 other structures. Tropical storm-force winds damaged several buildings on Barbados, including a tree falling onto a home in Bridgetown. Agricultural losses from the storm on Saint Lucia were $445,000. Tropical Storm Cindy On June 18, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave that had recently moved off the coast of West Africa, which became more organized the next day. Though the system initially struggled to become better organized, it was in an environment overall conducive to development, and organized into Tropical Depression Four on the morning of June 22, while about east of the Lesser Antilles. Despite marginal atmospheric conditions, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Cindy early the next day. At 12:00 UTC on June 24, Cindy's sustained winds intensified to , based on reconnaissance flight and satellite estimates. But later that day and continuing into the next, the storm grew progressively weaker. Then, at 06:00 UTC on June 26, Cindy dissipated about north-northeast of the Northern Leeward Islands. Hurricane Don A trough of low pressure formed over the central Atlantic on July 11, east-northeast of Bermuda. Though the system remained embedded within the trough and had not acquired a compact wind field, a well-defined center of circulation developed along with persistent deep convection early on July 14. Consequently, Subtropical Storm Don formed around then about east-northeast of Bermuda. Don's deep convection decreased later that day, and it weakened to a subtropical depression on July 16. the system transitioned to a tropical depression, based on Don's wind field and convective core becoming more consolidated. A few days later, while moving over the Gulf Stream on July 22, the storm quickly strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane with sustained winds of . While situated about east of Newfoundland early on July 24, Don degenerated into a non-tropical low, which continued east-northeastward across the Atlantic and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone late on the next day. The system struggled to organize amid conditions only marginally favorable while moving west-northwestward. By early on August 19, a low formed, which quickly organized into Tropical Depression Six about east of the Lesser Antilles. the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Gert on August 20. weakening Gert to a tropical depression by the next day. The low eventually opened up into a trough, but the remnants remained identifiable over the next week as the system trekked slowly northward into the central Atlantic. The remnant low again became well-defined, and the system regenerated into Tropical Depression Gert around 18:00 UTC on August 31. Gert continued its rebound, becoming a tropical storm once again about 24 hours later. Moving north-northeastward, its winds reached early on September 3, However, Gert began deteriorating several hours later while being drawn quickly northward and degenerated into a remnant low on September 4 about south-southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland, Tropical Storm Emily On August 16, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa and traversed the Cabo Verde Islands on the next day. Over the next few days, the system gradually organized under generally favorable conditions. On August 20, satellite wind data indicated that it was producing gale-force winds in its northern side, and the center became well-defined. Consequently, the disturbance developed into Tropical Storm Emily that day approximately west of the northernmost islands of Cabo Verde. Around 12:00 UTC on August 20, the storm peaked with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum pressure of . As a result, the cyclone degenerated into a remnant low early on August 21. However, the NHC continued to monitor the system for the chance of it redeveloping. The system showed some signs of reorganization as it moved through the subtropical Atlantic, but failed to organize further and dissipated on August 25. Franklin weakened slightly while crossing the Dominican Republic and emerged into the Atlantic later on August 23. After struggling with strong westerly shear and land interaction for a few more days, Franklin entered a more favorable environment on August 25 and promptly intensified into hurricane on August 26 while turning northwestward. Franklin then rapidly strengthened beginning on August 28, with the storm becoming a major hurricane that day, and then peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) early on August 29. However, the system then weakened due to an eyewall replacement cycle and wind shear from the outflow of Idalia. Then, on September 1, Franklin transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about northeast of Bermuda. Though some reorganization did take place, the extratropical system dissipated on September 9. In the Dominican Republic, Franklin brought heavy rainfall, typically ranging from of precipitation, and wind gusts up to in Barahona. At least 350 people were displaced, and more than 500 homes and 2,500 roads were affected or damaged. Several communities became isolated, and nearly 350,000 homes lost electricity and another 1.6 million residents lost access to potable water. soon becoming better organized amid near record-warm sea surface temperatures of . Late on August 21, the system developed into Tropical Depression Nine about east of Brownsville, Texas. Moving quickly westward, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Harold at 06:00 UTC on August 22. Harold strengthened some more before making landfall on Padre Island, in the Texas Coastal Bend region, at around 15:00 UTC that day with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). About five hours later, it weakened into a tropical depression. Harold generated modest storm surge in Texas as it approached landfall, reaching at San Luis Pass. The storm brought up to of rainfall near Orange Grove, Tropical storm-force winds also spread across the region, with sustained winds reaching and gusts peaking at , both recorded at Loyola Beach. Over 35,000 customers across southern Texas lost power. Harold also brought heavy rain and strong winds to parts of northern Mexico, but caused only minor damage. In Piedras Negras, of rain fell within a few hours. The remnants of Harold brought severe flooding to portions of the American Southwest, including Las Vegas, where one person died and another was reported missing. Overall, Harold caused approximately $505,000 in damage. Hurricane Idalia On August 23, a trough of low pressure formed in the Eastern Pacific basin offshore of the Central America coast. The disturbance crossed over into the Atlantic basin and began to organize as it moved northward through the northwestern Caribbean, where a low-pressure area formed on August 25. The pace of organization quickened on August 26, with a tropical depression developing at 12:00 UTC about east-southeast of Cancún, Mexico. Later that day, and into the next, the depression drifted due to weak surrounding steering currents, with its center moving in a small counter-clockwise loop. A brief jog southward moved the depression over Cancún around 06:00 UTC on August 27. About six hours later, the cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Idalia. Early on August 28, Idalia began moving northward toward the Yucatán Channel west of Cuba, intensifying along the way. After passing near the western tip of Cuba early the next day, the storm strengthened into a hurricane. Due to warm sea surface temperatures, low wind shear, and moist air, Idalia rapidly intensified as it accelerated northward through the Gulf of Mexico, reaching Category 4 strength early on August 30 and peaking with maximum sustained winds of and a minimum central pressure of . Idalia quickly weakened as it moved inland into southeast Georgia, and it was downgraded to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC that same day. Strong southwesterly wind shear then pushed the storm's convection well north and east of its center as it moved off the northeastern South Carolina coast and emerged into the Atlantic early on August 31. Around 12:00 UTC, while about east of Cape Fear, North Carolina, Idalia transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. Consequently, flooding occurred in some areas of the latter, especially in Artemisa and Pinar del Río provinces, forcing the evacuation of over 10,000 people. In Florida, high winds and storm surge reaching up to above the ground between Keaton Beach and Steinhatchee caused significant damage across the Big Bend region of Florida to agriculture, infrastructure, and buildings and residences, which were flooded up to several miles inland. Tens of thousands of structures in Florida outside the Big Bend region sustained some degree of damage. Parts of Georgia and the Carolinas experienced rains, strong winds, storm surge, and tornadoes, but with lesser impacts than in Florida, while high tides were reported as far north as the Mid-Atlantic. Overall, Idalia caused approximately $3.6 billion in damage and twelve deaths in the United States – four in Florida, three each in North Carolina and New Jersey, and one each in Georgia and Delaware. Tropical Storm Jose On August 19, a vigorous tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa. After traversing the Cabo Verde Islands, a low-pressure area developed on August 24. The disturbance struggled to organize until August 29, when persistent deep convection reignited over the eastern side of the circulation. Consequently, Tropical Depression Eleven formed about southeast of Bermuda. However, the shear briefly relaxed, and the storm's convective bursting pattern abruptly evolved into curved banding early on August 31, signifying that the depression had strengthened into Tropical Storm Jose. Further development occurred slowly as Jose's banding features remained limited, and the convection at its center was shallow. Even so, the storm's structure improved markedly early on September 1 as convection near the center deepened and a small mid-level eye feature appeared, causing Jose to peak with maximum sustained winds of . Jose then accelerated northward, pulled by the larger and stronger Franklin, and was absorbed into the latter late that day about northeast of Bermuda. By 00:00 UTC on September 4, far northwest of the Cabo Verde Islands, the storm had weakened to a tropical depression, six hours before degenerating into a remnant low. The low made an elongated loop and then began moving quickly southwestward. Several days later, the low made another loop over the Central Atlantic and turned southeastward before dissipating on September 15. Hurricane Lee On September 1, a tropical wave emerged into the tropical Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. A broad surface low formed by September 4, which acquired multiple low-level bands developing and a well-defined center on the next day. Consequently, Tropical Depression Thirteen developed at 12:00 UTC that day about halfway between the west coast of Africa and the Lesser Antilles. Amid favorable conditions for intensification, the depression quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Lee six hours later and a then a hurricane by late on September 6. Then, during the 24hour period ending at 06:00 UTC on September 8, Lee experienced explosive intensification, and reached Category 5 strength, with its winds increasing by 80 mph (130 km/h) to 165 mph (270 km/h). The pace of weakening quickened as the day progressed, and Lee fell below major hurricane status by late on September 9, By September 10, wind shear abated, permitting the new, larger-diameter eye to contract and to grow more symmetric. As a result, Lee intensified to Category 3 strength once again that same day. Another series of eyewall replacement cycles led to fluctuations in its size and intensity, but Lee remained a major hurricane throughout. After tracking west-northwestward to northwestward for much of its transAtlantic journey, Lee turned northward on September 13, moving around the western side of the steering subtropical ridge. That same day, it also weakened to Category 2 strength. which it passed to the west by later in the day. As the hurricane pushed northward, continued drier air entrainment and increasingly strong southerly wind shear displaced Lee's convection to the northern side of the system, weakening it further. These factors caused the hurricane to commence its extratropical transition, which was completed by 06:00 UTC on September 16. Later that day and throughout the next two days, the extratropical cyclone made several landfalls in Atlantic Canada before moving into the northern Atlantic and merging with another extratropical low late on September 18. By 12:00 UTC on September 7, the system organized into Tropical Depression Fourteen about northwest of Brava in the Cabo Verde Islands. Six hours later, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Margot. Margot reached hurricane status by September 11, It continued along a north to north-northwest track for a few days, exhibiting a double eyewall with a well-defined inner core and reaching winds of on September 13. After convection became increasingly farther from the center, Margot degenerated into a remnant low about southwest of the Azores late on September 16. The remnant low completed the loop before dissipating two days later. After merging with a nearby low-pressure area on September 12, the system gradually organized into Tropical Depression Fifteen by early on September 15 about east of Barbados. the depression developed convective banding in its northern semicircle late on September 16. Around 00:00 UTC the next day, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Nigel and then to a Category 1 hurricane early on September 18, as an eyewall began to develop. Although Nigel's eye became better defined and warmer on September 19, intruding dry air disrupted convection on the storm's north side. Nigel turned northward along the western edge of a mid-level ridge over the central subtropical Atlantic. The system's large eye became fully surrounded by a solid band of deep convection, enabling Nigel to become a Category 2 hurricane later on September 19, displaying characteristics typical of an annular tropical cyclone. Early on September 20, Nigel peaked with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). causing the storm to weaken to Category 1 strength on September 20. The hurricane curved north-northeastward and then northeastward on September 21, and accelerated, within the flow on the southeastern side of a strong mid-latitude trough. At the same time, increasing southwesterly wind shear began causing an elongation of Nigel's cloud pattern, resulting in further weakening. Nigel also encountered sea surface temperatures falling below , leading to an extratropical transition northwest of the Azores early on September 22. A broad non-tropical low formed on September 21, aided by the presence of a mid- to upper-level trough moving off the Southeastern United States. By late the following, the low shed its frontal characteristics and acquired more deep convection and tropical storm-force winds, leading to the development of Tropical Storm Ophelia. Early on September 23, the cyclone peaked with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum pressure of . Ophelia then made landfall around 10:15 UTC near Emerald Isle, North Carolina, about west-northwest of Cape Lookout. Inland, Ophelia quickly weakened and lost tropical characteristics, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone late on September 23 over southern Virginia. The low associated with Ophelia dissipated over Maryland on September 24, while the remnants meandered offshore the Mid-Atlantic for a few more days, until being absorbed by another nearby low. States of emergency were declared in Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland ahead of the storm. Five people aboard an anchored catamaran near Cape Lookout, North Carolina, had to be rescued by the U.S. Coast Guard due to deteriorating conditions as the storm approached. The highest storm surge was above mean sea level at Sewell's Point, Virginia. while also leaving about 70,000 homes without electricity in eastern North Carolina and Virginia combined. Tropical Storm Philippe On September 20, a tropical wave moved offshore West Africa and into the Atlantic. The wave developed into a low-pressure area by the next day, which organized into Tropical Depression Seventeen roughly east of Barbados on September 23. Later that day, the depression became Tropical Storm Philippe and continued to strengthen due to warm waters and light to moderate wind shear while moving westward along the southern side of a mid-level ridge. After reaching winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on September 25, Philippe encountered stronger wind shear, causing the center to become exposed. Between September 27 and September 28, the cyclone nearly stalled and moved north-northwestward before curving southwestward due to the aforementioned ridge being replaced by another one and the close proximity of Rina. Philippe's slowed motion allowed for some re-intensification, again reaching winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) late on September 30. However, wind shear soon stripped convection away from the center again by the next day. On October 2, the storm turned northwestward and struck Barbuda at 22:45 UTC with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), before passing near the Virgin Islands the next day. Philippe turned northward on October 4, and weakened some due to wind shear. The storm briefly re-strengthened on October 5 due to interaction with a trough. However, the trough also generated a non-tropical low, which absorbed Philippe around 12:00 UTC on October 6 about south of Bermuda. Floodwaters inundated several homes and vehicles in Antigua and Barbuda. In Antigua, a fire ignited due to a lightning strike produced by Philippe burned down several buildings at a yacht club. Preliminary losses for the fire are in the millions of Eastern Caribbean Dollars (US$370,000). Off the United States Virgin Islands, 12 people were rescued after a ship started to submerge in rough seas. Authorities reported widespread damage to buildings, roads, and agriculture. Premier Natalio Wheatley issued a contingency warrant totaling $500,000 to support recovery efforts from the storm. Puerto Rico also felt impacts from Philippe's strong winds and rain. Damage totaled to $16,000. Bermuda experienced some strong winds and rain but reported only minor damage. Gusts in the state were in the 50–60 mph (85–95 km/h) range, while many locations in Atlantic Canada reported gale-force winds. A broad area of low pressure formed the next day, and the showers and thunderstorms within this disturbance began showing signs of organization a couple days later. Early on September 28, the system organized into Tropical Storm Rina about east-northeast of Barbados. But it only intensified for a brief time, peaking with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) before weakening on account of strong northeasterly wind shear and dry mid-level air. Rina became devoid of organized deep convection early on October 1, and its surface circulation became increasingly ill-defined during the day. Consequently, the system degenerated into a remnant low around 18:00 UTC about southeast of Bermuda. The remnant low dissipated early on October 2. Around 12:00 UTC on October 12, Sean re-strengthened into a tropical storm, shortly before peaking with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Thereafter, Sean degraded slowly, lingering for a day and a half before becoming a remnant low on October 15 about east of the Leeward Islands. The low continued slowly west-northwestward before dissipating late the next day. After pulling away from the Leeward Islands that day, Tammy weakened to a minimal hurricane while struggling against wind shear. By October 25, however, Tammy began to strengthen while interacting with an upper-level trough and later that day peaked as a Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). a drier air mass, and an increase in wind shear diminished the cyclone's convection and caused it to weaken to a tropical storm early on October 27. Though the storm became significantly asymmetrical, it maintained a warm core. Tammy then turned eastward along the northern periphery of a subtropical ridge and briefly re-developed more convection, but degenerated into a remnant low late on October 28 about east-northeast of Bermuda. The remnant low opened into a trough over the central Atlantic late on October 31. There were no reports of serious storm damage. Rainfall amounts across the Leeward Islands were between , and storm surge heights were between . Puerto Rico was also affected by Tammy's strong winds and rain. Damage totaled to $13,000. Bermuda was impacted with wind gusts of . Tropical Depression Twenty-One {{Infobox hurricane small An area of disturbed weather within the eastern Pacific monsoon trough developed into a broad low-pressure area over the far southwestern Caribbean on October 22. The low quickly acquired more deep convection and a well-defined circulation, signaling the formation of a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on the next day roughly east of southern Nicaragua. However, no intensification occurred prior to the depression making landfall in Nicaragua near Pearl Lagoon in the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region at 01:30 UTC on October 24 with winds of 30 mph (45 km/h). By 12:00 UTC, the depression degenerated into a remnant low, which dissipated shortly thereafter near Rosita. The remnants of the depression crossed over Central America and contributed to the formation of Tropical Storm Pilar in the Eastern Pacific. The depression produced of rain over southeastern Nicaragua, with some locally higher totals, including of precipitation in Bluefields over a 48-hour period. Despite heavier rains, there were no visible reports of damages or casualties from the system. The disturbance became more organized on November 16. Satellite images and data gathered during a U.S. Air Force Reserve hurricane hunter flight showed that the system had a closed yet elongated circulation, but there was not a well-defined low level center. At 21:00 UTC on November 16, the NHC designated the system Potential Tropical Cyclone Twenty-Two. The system was unable to organize further due to persistent high wind shear, and only produced near gale-force peak winds of . At 03:00 UTC on November 18 the NHC issued their final advisory on the system, then located between Cuba and Jamaica, after it seemed likely that the disturbance would neither develop nor produce tropical storm-force winds. The latter region recorded heavy rainfall, with up to of precipitation in Jamaica and in the Dominican Republic. In Jamaica, flooding forced the rescue of 24 people, while about 24,000 customers lost electricity as heavy precipitation downed trees and power lines and caused mudslides. The disturbance left at least three people dead in Haiti. Between November 17 and November 19, the Dominican Republic Emergency Operations Center rescued over 2,500 people. Flooding damaged several bridges and roads and over 2,600 homes, while 17 were destroyed. The disturbance killed at least 21 people in the Dominican Republic. According to AON, 32 fatalities occurred from the system in the Caribbean and damages totaled approximately $605 million. == Storm names ==
Storm names
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2023. This was the same list used in the 2017 season, with the exceptions of Harold, Idalia, Margot, and Nigel, which replaced Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate, respectively. Each of the new names was used in 2023 for the first time. This season's list will be used again in 2029, as no names were retired from it afterwards. This was the first season since 2014 to not have a name be retired. == Season effects ==
Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, intensities, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2023 USD. == See also ==
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