Nectanebo I had gained control of all of
Egypt by November of 380 BC, but spent much of his reign defending his kingdom from
Persian reconquest with the occasional help of
Sparta or
Athens. In 365 BC, Nectanebo made his son,
Teos, co-king and heir, and until his death in 363 BC, father and son reigned together. After his father's death, Teos invaded the Persian territories of modern
Syria and
Israel and was beginning to meet with some successes when he lost his throne due to the machinations of his own brother
Tjahapimu. Tjahepimu took advantage of Teos' unpopularity within Egypt by declaring his son—and Teos' nephew,
Nectanebo II—king. The Egyptian army rallied around Nectanebo II which forced Teos to flee to the court of the king of Persia. Nectanebo II's reign was dominated by the efforts of the Persian rulers to reconquer Egypt, which they considered a
satrapy in revolt. For the first ten years, Nectanebo avoided the Persian reconquest because
Artaxerxes III was forced to consolidate his control of the realm. Artaxerxes then attempted an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt in the winter of 351/350 BC; the repercussions of his defeat prompted revolts in
Cyprus,
Phoenicia, and
Cilicia. Although Nectanebo gave support to these revolts, Artaxerxes eventually suppressed them and was once again able to invade Egypt in 343 BC. This second invasion proved successful, and Nectanebo was forced to withdraw from his defenses in the Nile Delta to
Memphis, where he saw that his cause was lost. He thereupon fled south to
Nubia, where he is assumed to have found refuge at the court of King
Nastasen of
Napata. Nectanebo, however, may have managed to maintain some form of independent rule in the south of Egypt for 2 more years since a document from
Edfu is dated to his eighteenth year. Although a shadowy figure named
Khababash proclaimed himself king and led a rebellion against the Persians from about 338 to 335 BC, Nectanebo has been considered the last native
pharaoh of Egypt. His flight marked the end of Egypt as an independent entity. == Pharaohs of the 30th Dynasty ==