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469219 Kamoʻoalewa

469219 Kamoʻoalewa (; provisional designation 2016 HO3) is a very small Apollo-type near-Earth asteroid approximately 40–100 meters (130–330 feet) in diameter. It is an elongated object that rapidly rotates every 28 minutes. At present it is a quasi-satellite of Earth, and currently the second-smallest, closest, and most stable known such quasi-satellite (after 2023 FW13).

Discovery and naming
Kamooalewa was first spotted on 27 April 2016, by the Pan-STARRS 1 asteroid survey telescope on Haleakalā, Hawaii, that is operated by the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy and funded by NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office. The name Kamooalewa is derived from the Hawaiian words ka 'the', moo 'fragment', referring to it being a piece broken off a larger object, a 'of', and lewa 'to oscillate', referring to its motion in the sky as viewed from Earth. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 April 2019 (M.P.C. 112435). == Orbit and classification ==
Orbit and classification
Kamooalewa orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.90–1.10 AU. Although the period as of 2022 is about 366 days, its longer-term average period is closer to 365 days. Kamooalewa is a quasi-moon and not gravitationally bound to Earth like a true satellite. Its orbit transfers between a quasi satellite orbit type which resides in the and Lagrange points, and a horseshoe orbit between the and Lagrange points. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. Although it is too distant to be considered a true natural satellite of Earth, it is the best and most stable example to date of a near-Earth companion, or quasi-satellite. Orbital and Yarkovsky effect modeling suggest it will be stable for 0.3–0.5 million years. Paul Chodas, manager of NASA's Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California described the orbit of Kamooalewa as a quasi-satellite of Earth. Unlike asteroid , which previously followed a similar orbit, Kamooalewa is more stable and has been Earth's companion for more than a century and will remain so for much longer. This asteroid spends half of its orbit closer to the Sun than Earth and the other half farther away, causing it to oscillate above and below Earth's orbit annually. Its orbit experiences slight drifts that Earth's gravity corrects, keeping it between 38 and 100 times the distance of the Moon. Thus, Kamooalewa continually dances around the Earth. The closest Earth approach was on at . By late May 2369, the asteroid will be from Earth. The Earth-like orbit may be a result of it being lunar ejecta. Most objects in this kind of orbit are eventually perturbed out of being in an Earth-co-orbital state and hit the Earth, Venus, or the Sun or are ejected from the Solar System, and Kamooalewa will probably hit the Earth in the next 100 million years. == Physical characteristics ==
Physical characteristics
The size of Kamooalewa has not yet been firmly established, but it is approximately . In 2021, a spectroscopic characterization of Kamooalewa was conducted using the Large Binocular Telescope and the Lowell Discovery Telescope, which found that the asteroid is likely silicate in origin. The object's Earth-like orbit, proximity to the Earth–Moon system, higher spectral reddening to other asteroids, and similarity to space weathered lunar materials indicate that it is likely lunar ejecta. == Exploration ==
Exploration
Tianwen-2 The China National Space Administration (CNSA) launched the Tianwen-2 mission in May 2025 to return samples from Kamooalewa. The spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at Kamoʻoalewa sometime in July 2026, and will depart it in April 2027. a University of Colorado flyby and impact experiment, and was selected as a target for the Chinese ZhengHe project, which has developed into the Tianwen-2 mission. The chondritic simulants QLS-1, 2, and 3 have been developed by the Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology to better prepare for these missions. In an ambitious proposal, Kamooalewa is even considered for use as a space station for Earth-to-Mars travel. During the 2017 Astrodynamics Specialist Conference held in Stevenson in the U.S. state of Washington, a team composed of graduate research assistants from the University of Colorado Boulder and the São Paulo State University (UNESP) was awarded for presenting a project denominated "Near-Earth Asteroid Characterization and Observation (NEACO) Mission to Asteroid (469219) ", providing the first baselines for the investigation of this celestial object using a spacecraft. Recently, another version of this work was presented adopting different constraints in the dynamics. == Gallery ==
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