Formation and early service Following the rise of tensions in North America in 1755, the British government decided to raise ten regiments of infantry in preparation for
an expected war with France. Orders for the raising of the 52nd to 61st Regiments of Foot were issued in December of that year. One of these regiments, the
58th Regiment of Foot, was raised at
Newcastle and
Gateshead on 28 December 1755, under the colonelcy of Lord
Charles Manners, whose commission was dated 26 December. Throughout 1756 it recruited heavily to come to its authorised establishment of ten companies, each of 78 men. On 25 December 1756, the
50th and
51st Regiments were disbanded, and all higher-numbered units redesignated, with the 58th becoming the
56th Regiment of Foot. In April 1757 it moved to
Berwick, and thence into Scotland, where it would take up garrison duties; it occupied quarters at
Aberdeen in 1758 and
Edinburgh in 1759. In July 1760 it returned to England, sailing from Leith to Portsmouth, and was stationed at
Hilsea through 1761. On 17 December of that year, Lord Charles Manners was succeeded in the colonelcy by Colonel
William Keppel.
West Indies campaign before the British attack, 30 July 1762 by
Dominic Serres On 4 January 1762, Britain declared war on Spain in the
Seven Years' War, and began preparing for an
expedition against Spanish possessions in the Caribbean. The 56th was assigned as part of the expeditionary force, and sailed from Portsmouth on 5 March, arriving off
Havana on 6 June and landing the following day. The regiment numbered a total of 933 officers and men, and was brigaded with four companies of the
1st Foot and a battalion of the
60th Foot. The main object of the force was to besiege
Morro Castle, which guarded the harbour. After a long reduction, a storming party was organised and attacked on 30 July, and took the fort after a brief but violent action, in which 150 of the garrison were killed and 400 taken prisoner, with the remaining 200 dying in an attempt to escape in small boats. The regiment was granted the battle honour "The Moro" for this action. The city surrendered on 13 August. The regiment suffered twelve deaths, with one officer and 23 men wounded, during the campaign. The 56th remained as part of the Havana garrison for the following year, until Cuba was returned to Spain by the
Treaty of Paris, when it was transported to Ireland, arriving in Limerick in October 1763. The regiment moved to Dublin in May 1765, and in June 1765 the colonelcy was assigned to Lieutenant-General
James Durand. He died in 1766, and was succeeded by Colonel
Hunt Walsh.
Gibraltar by French and Spanish warships, showing 1 ship exploding, infantry and artillery on land in right foreground, September 1782 In 1770 the regiment was despatched to
Gibraltar, sailing from Cork in May. The regiment was augmented by a
light infantry company of seventy men in December 1770, and the ten line companies had their authorised establishment raised by twenty-one men. The regiment remained in the Gibraltar garrison for several years, and was present when Spain declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1779 and the
Great Siege of Gibraltar began. At this point, the effective regimental strength was 560 men and 27 officers, around a tenth of the garrison. A relief convoy arrived early in 1780, and a second in April 1781, but supplies remained limited. The commander of the garrison decided late in 1781 to attempt a sortie, and this was launched on the night of 26 November; the flank companies of the 56th were part of the raiding force, and successfully destroyed several batteries of artillery. The siege was finally lifted in February 1783 – after three years and seven months – when the
Treaty of Paris ended hostilities, and confirmed British possession of Gibraltar. The 56th received the battle honour "Gibraltar" for its service in the siege, with the right to bear the castle-and-key insignia on its colours. It was relieved in October 1783, and returned to England. Shortly thereafter the regiment was given a county affiliation, part of a move to increase recruiting by linking regiments to local areas, and became the
56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot. In the spring of 1784 it moved to garrison duty in Scotland, serving at various stations there until January 1788, when it embarked for Ireland with a reduced establishment of ten companies. From 1788 to 1793 it was stationed in Ireland.
French Revolutionary Wars in 1799 With the
French Revolution of 1792 the army was expanded in preparation for war; the authorised establishment of the 56th was brought up to twelve companies, and it was ordered to prepare for overseas service. The regiment embarked for the West Indies in November 1793, arriving at Barbados in January 1794, and fought at the capture of
Martinique in February. The line companies being left there as a garrison, the light and grenadier companies fought at the capture of
St. Lucia in April, and the whole regiment saw service fighting at the capture of
Guadeloupe in September. It remained as a garrison in the West Indies for the remainder of 1794, but took great losses from disease. In October, the men still fit for service were transferred to the
6th,
9th and
15th regiments, and the remaining cadre of officers and men embarked to return to England on 3 January 1795. Arriving in England in February, they were stationed at Chatham to recruit and retrain. The regiment sailed to Cork in September, and after a brief period in Ireland was deemed to have attained "so perfect a state of discipline and efficiency" that it was considered fit for overseas service once more, and despatched to Barbados. It was sent to
St. Domingo, and remained there through 1797. On the death of General Walsh, the colonelcy had passed to Major-General
Samuel Hulse on 7 March 1795; he did not retain it long, and it was conferred on Major-General
Chapple Norton on 24 January 1797. After a period stationed in Jamaica, the regiment returned to England at the end of 1798, again to recruit and rebuild its strength. In 1799 the regiment was part of the force sent to the Netherlands in the ill-fated
Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, arriving in the Netherlands in September in time for the Battle of Schoorl-Oudkarspel on the 19th, where it suffered sixty-three officers and men killed or wounded, plus another fifty-nine missing. It fought at
Bergen and Egmont-op-Zee on 2 October, before withdrawing from the Netherlands on 18 November. During 1800 the regiment was stationed in Ireland, and increased its establishment by a further two companies of a hundred men each. The new recruits, since returning from the West Indies in 1799, had been enlisted for service only within Europe; on hearing the announcement of the major victories in the
Egyptian campaign in 1801, they promptly offered their services for general service throughout the world. This offer was, however, quickly followed by the
Peace of Amiens in 1802, and the regiment remained in Ireland.
Napoleonic Wars , which was crewed by marines of the regiment from 1809 to 1810 After the
Napoleonic Wars began in 1803, a major expansion of the land forces was put in place to deter an invasion; on 25 December 1804, some four hundred men raised in Surrey were placed on the Army establishment as the
2nd Battalion, 56th Regiment, shortly thereafter expanded to 656 men. The existing battalion of the regiment was, accordingly, redesignated as the
1st Battalion, 56th Regiment. Noting the great success the two existing battalions had had with recruiting, a third was later authorised, and raised in 1813 at Horsham as the
3rd Battalion, 56th Regiment. A detachment of the regiment served on board the frigates
HMS Psyche and
HMS Piedmontaise as marines from 1809 to 1810, and fought in a brief conflict with the Indian kingdom of
Travancore in 1809.
1st Battalion The first battalion moved from Ireland to the Isle of Wight in January 1805, where it was brought to a full strength of a thousand men, and shortly thereafter embarked for
Bombay, where it remained as a garrison for several years. A force of 200 men were detached for service in the Indian Ocean in January 1809, successfully raiding the
Île Bourbon in September, capturing a large amount of shipping at anchor. During this time, in August 1809, the remaining companies of the battalion were shipped from Bombay to Madras at short notice and under great secrecy, in an attempt to make a
show of force to avert a possible mutiny of the Indian regiments. This was successful, with any violence being averted, and the regiment received the thanks of the Governor in Council. In 1810 a second expedition was mounted into the Indian Ocean, with a strong detachment of the first battalion as well as various other units, and the
Île Bourbon was taken on 10 July. The same detachment then saw action at the capture of
Mauritius in December, the last French territory remaining in the Indian Ocean. A force of militia volunteers sent as recruits to the 56th arrived as a garrison in Goa in mid-1810. It joined the first battalion in 1811, and the Indian Ocean detachment returned later that year. To mark the regiment's services in India, it received a new pair of colours as a gift from the
Honourable East India Company. With the return of Napoleon to France in 1815, the battalion was again despatched to Mauritius to reinforce the garrison there against the possibility of a revolt by the French population, where it remained.
2nd Battalion The second battalion moved between various stations in southern England through 1805, being presented with its colours on 28 November at the Isle of Wight. The battalion expanded its establishment in 1810, rising to an authorised strength of 1,306 men. However, by January 1815 it had moved to more salubrious climes at Assaye and was able to muster nine hundred men fit for service. The battalion was ordered to be disbanded as part of the reduction in the army after Waterloo, and marched to Bombay in November 1816. There, four hundred men who volunteered to continue in India were transferred to the
65th Regiment, and the bulk of the regiment sailed for England in January. The line companies were disbanded at Rochester on 25 June, and the flank companies (which had left India in July) at Chatham on 29 December.
3rd Battalion The third battalion was raised at
Horsham in November 1813, and was recruited very rapidly; within a month of its formation, it was reported as ready for service with an establishment of 650 men. It embarked for Holland on 9 December, and fought at the
Battle of Merxem on 30 January 1814. After service in the
siege of Antwerp, the battalion returned to England after Napoleon's abdication, and was disbanded at Sheerness on 24 October. The men still fit for service were drafted to the first and second battalions, and sent to India. In 1818 General Norton died, and was succeeded in the colonelcy by Lieutenant-General Sir
John Murray. The regiment finally returned to England in 1826, after twenty years overseas. In 1827 it moved to Ireland from Hull, and after General Murray's death, the colonelcy was conferred upon Lieutenant-General
Lord Aylmer. Under the 1825 army reforms, six companies would be sent for overseas service at any one time, whilst four remained in the United Kingdom as a depot. Accordingly, when the regiment was ordered to embark for Jamaica in 1831 it took six of its ten companies. Other than a brief epidemic of
yellow fever in 1837, claiming sixty men, the time in Jamaica was uneventful. In July 1838, the Sheerness depot provided the guard of honour for the visit of
Marshal Soult. In March 1840 the main body of the regiment sailed aboard for Canada, to reinforce the garrison there during the
Northeastern Boundary Dispute. It returned to England in July 1842, aboard
HMS Resistance, where it rejoined its depot companies and moved to Ireland. On 17 November 1842, the
Earl of Westmorland was appointed to the colonelcy of the regiment. The regiment remained at various stations in Ireland, serving to assist in keeping the peace during the widespread
repeal movement demonstrations, A reserve battalion was formed this year, by organising the existing depot companies, and forming a new depot force. The main force of the regiment moved to Gibraltar in 1847. it later disbanded, with the men transferred to rejoin the main force. In September 1853, an outbreak of
yellow fever aboard the convict hulk
Thames in Bermuda harbour spread to the barracks; more than two hundred men died. The regiment was ordered home in December 1853.
Crimean War 1855, by Grigoryi Shukaev Whilst the regiment had been ordered home from Bermuda in 1853, it did not sail until late 1854; in the interim, the
Crimean War had broken out, and the regiment was put under orders to recruit in Ireland over the winter to full strength, and then sail for Turkey. In December, the first detachment of the regiment sailed for
Constantinople. The second section of the regiment arrived in Dublin from Bermuda in January 1855, where it remained as a depot. Detachments from the depot provided support to the police during unrest at the 1855 by-election in
Cavan. The remaining elements of the regiment returned from Bermuda as late as May. The main force of the regiment was ordered to the Crimea in July. It was originally planned for the regiment to be landed in
Kerch to relieve the
71st Foot, but when it arrived it was ordered to land at Sevastopol to reinforce the Allied forces
besieging the city. It landed on 25 August, moved into the front lines the next day, and were attached to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division. The regiment supported the failed attack on the Redan on 8 September; it was not heavily involved, and only one man was wounded. Sevastopol fell on the 11th, and the regiment was awarded the battle honour "Sevastopol" for its involvement in the attack. Five men of the regiment were awarded the French Military War Medal for "fearless and steady conduct". The regiment left the Crimea on 12 July 1856, part of the final rearguard to depart. It had served overseas for almost a year, with five men killed in action and thirty deaths due to disease.
Postwar service On the outbreak of the
Indian Mutiny, the regiment was stationed in Ireland; it sailed for India in late August 1857. Whilst it remained in Bombay through the Mutiny, it did not see active service. He, however, died shortly afterwards, and was succeeded by the regiment's twelfth – and final – colonel, Major-General
Henry William Breton. The regiment boarded ships to return from Bombay in March 1866; After a spell in England, the regiment moved to Ireland in early 1868, and then embarked for India in February 1871. and was ordered home in early 1878. On 1 July 1881 the
Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot to form the
Essex Regiment. Whilst the 56th had formally ceased to exist, a degree of individual continuity remained; the 2nd Battalion of the Essex Regiment remained in an independent existence until 1948, when the 2nd Battalion was dissolved and the regiment was amalgamated into a single regular battalion. The Essex Regiment was itself amalgamated into the single-battalion
3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot) in 1958; in 1964, this became the 3rd Battalion, the
Royal Anglian Regiment. The 3rd Battalion Royal Anglians was finally disbanded in 1992, with its personnel absorbed by the 1st Battalion. ==Traditions==