There are eight events in German history that are connected to 9 November, five of which had considerable historical consequences: the execution of
Robert Blum in 1848, the
end of the monarchies in 1918, the
Hitler putsch attempt in 1923, the Nazi antisemitic
pogroms in 1938 and the fall of the
Berlin Wall in 1989.
Execution of Robert Blum 9 November 1848: After being arrested in the
Vienna revolts,
Robert Blum, one of the leading figures of the democrats in the
Frankfurt Parliament and in the
German revolutions, was executed. The execution can be seen as a symbolic event or forecast of the ultimate crushing of the
German March Revolution in April and May 1849.
November revolution in Berlin 9 November 1918: During the
November Revolution, in view of the imminent defeat of the
German Empire in
World War I Chancellor
Max von Baden announced the abdication of
Wilhelm II before the Emperor had in fact abdicated, and handed the chancellorship to
Friedrich Ebert (SPD).
Philipp Scheidemann, who would replace Ebert as head of government in 1919, proclaimed the German republic from a window of the
Reichstag. A few hours later,
Karl Liebknecht, one of the leaders of the left-wing revolutionary
Spartacus League (
Spartakusbund), proclaimed a "Free Socialist Republic" from a balcony of the
Berlin Palace. It was Scheidemann's intention to
proclaim the republic before the communists did. In the ensuing conflicts between the supporters of a socialist
soviet republic and those of a
pluralist parliamentary democracy, which in some areas resembled a civil war, the supporters of the soviet model were defeated. Liebknecht himself was assassinated two months later, together with
Rosa Luxemburg, by reactionary
Freikorps on 15 January. In the aftermath, the
Weimar Republic was constituted in August 1919 (named after the
National Assembly meeting in Weimar).
Der 9. November (The Ninth of November) is also the title of a 1920 novel by
Bernhard Kellermann published in Germany that told the story of the German insurrection of 1918.
Hitler putsch in Munich 9 November 1923: The failed
Beer Hall Putsch, from 8 to 9 November, marks an early emergence and provisional downfall of the
Nazi Party as an important player in Germany's political landscape.
Adolf Hitler, the leader of the
NSDAP party, until then little known to the general public, attempted a coup against the democratic Reich government on the fifth anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic. Hitler's march through Munich was stopped in front of the
Feldherrnhalle by Bavarian police who opened fire. Sixteen Nazis and four policemen were killed. Hitler used the subsequent trial to stage himself as the leading figure of the
Völkisch movement. He was sentenced to five years in prison but was released after nine months for good conduct. Only after 1930 would Hitler gain significant voter support, a process that would culminate in the
Nazis' electoral victory of 1933. After his political takeover, he declared 9 November a national holiday, and every year a celebration in remembrance of the so-called
Blutzeugen (blood-witnesses), the victims of the Beer Hall Putsch, took place. It was at one such ceremony, on the evening of 8 November 1939, that
Georg Elser's failed bomb assassination attempt on Hitler took place in Munich's
Bürgerbräukeller.
Reichspogromnacht 9 November 1938: Marked the culmination of what is today known as "
Kristallnacht" (the Night of Broken Glass) or Reichspogromnacht, from 9 to 10 November, synagogues and Jewish property were burned and destroyed on a large scale, and more than four hundred Jews were killed or driven to suicide. In
Nazi propaganda, the outrages, committed primarily by
SA and
SS members in civilian clothes, are portrayed as an expression of "popular anger" against the Jews. The event demonstrated that the
antisemitic stance of the Nazi regime was not so "moderate" as it had partially appeared in earlier years and marked the transition from
social exclusion and discrimination to open persecution of Jews under the dictatorship. After 10 November, about 30,000 Jews were arrested; many of them later died in
concentration camps.
Hamburg University protest 9 November 1967: At the inauguration ceremony of the new rector of
Hamburg University, students unfurled a banner with the slogan
Unter den Talaren – Muff von 1000 Jahren (English: Under the gowns – Mustiness of a 1000 years), which would become the symbol of the
protests of 1968. The motto alluded to propaganda that Nazi Germany was the
Tausendjähriges Reich (English: Thousand-year Reich).
Attack at the Jewish Community Center in Berlin 9 November 1969: The left-wing radical, antisemitic and anti-zionist terrorist organization
Tupamaros West-Berlin places a bomb in the
Jewish Community Center in Berlin. However, the bomb did not explode.
Death of Holger Meins 9 November 1974: The imprisoned
RAF terrorist
Holger Meins dies after 58 days of
hunger strike.
Fall of the Berlin Wall 9 November 1989: The
fall of the Berlin Wall ended
the separation of Germany and started a series of events that ultimately led to
German reunification. 9 November was originally considered to be the date for
German Unity Day, but because it was also the anniversary of
Kristallnacht, this date was considered inappropriate as a national holiday. The date of the formal reunification of Germany, 3 October 1990, was therefore chosen as the date for this German national holiday, and it replaced 17 June, the celebration of the
uprising of 1953 in East Germany. East Germany opened checkpoints on this day which allowed people to cross into West Germany. ==Photography gallery==