The airport was dedicated in November 1947 under the name "Capital Airport." It came after pressure to construct a modern facility, as
American Airlines and
Chicago & Southern Airlines had canceled flights to Springfield in 1938 and 1939 respectively due to inadequate facilities at Capital Airport's predecessor. Construction on the new airport was begun soon after those cancellations but was delayed due to World War II. The
coronavirus pandemic brought about airline suspensions at the airport, marking a significant downturn of traffic through the airport. Airlines returned service as travel picked up and after receiving money from the federal
CARES Act to prop up flights. The Illinois Department of Transportation named SPI the top primary airport in the state in 2020. The department considered things such as how well the airport worked with the state's Division of Aeronautics, the airport's safety record, promotion of aviation and educational events and general maintenance. In 2021, the airport received $3 million in funding from the State of Illinois to upgrade facilities during the travel downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The funds went towards rehabilitating the north airport public parking lot and the north airport roadway. The airport also began constructing a new crosswind runway in 2021 to accommodate more traffic in a wider variety of wind conditions. In 2022, runway 18-36 was removed. The airport is taking significant steps to prepare their facilities to accommodate electric-powered aircraft. The airport broke ground on a solar energy farm in 2022 to increase the role of renewable energy in powering the airport, with the goal of powering over 90% of the airport's needs with renewables.{{Cite web |title=As Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport celebrates 75 years, management looks toward the future ==Military use==