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Acacia-ant symbiosis

Acacia-ant symbiosis is the interaction between myrmecophilous Vachellia trees and ants that nest on them. Obligate acacia ants dwell in the gall-like domatia within the swollen stipular spines of African or Central American ant acacia species, and they also take the food offered by the tree. Some of them protect ant acacias from herbivores in return, hence mutualism; the others provide inadequate protection or none at all, hence weaker or non-mutualism. Facultative (non-obligate) acacia ants often nest on stems instead of in gall-like domatia, and tend to be non-mutualistic.

Africa
living in the gall-like domatia of Vachellia drepanolobium'' Four acacia ant species are symbiotic with Vachellia drepanolobium: Crematogaster mimosae, C. nigriceps, and Tetraponera penzigi are obligate and mutualistic symbionts, whereas C. sjostedti is facultative and the least mutualistic, and it even facilitates attack on the tree by beetles. but their symbiotic ants are yet to be studied. == Central America ==
Central America
feeding on nectar produced by Vachellia cornigera (or V. sphaerocephala'') The following are 10 obligate and mutualistic acacia ants and their reported host plants in Central America: Some swollen-spine acacias in Central America are less dependent on acacia-ant mutualism and often unocuppied by obligate acacia ants without being significantly damaged by herbivores, e.g. V. cookii, V. globulifera, and V. ruddiae. == References ==
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