Actinorhizal plant

Actinorhizal plants are dicotyledons distributed within three orders, eight families and twenty-six genera, of the angiosperm clade. All nitrogen fixing plants are classified under the "nitrogen-fixing clade", which consists of the three actinorhizal plant orders, as well as the order fabales. The most well-known nitrogen fixing plants are the legumes, but they are not classified as actinorhizal plants. The actinorhizal species are either trees or shrubs, except for those in the genus Datisca which are herbs. Other species of actinorhizal plants are common in temperate regions like alder, bayberry, sweetfern, avens, mountain misery and coriaria. Some Elaeagnus species, such as sea-buckthorns produce edible fruit. What characterizes an actinorhizal plant is the symbiotic relationship it forms with the bacteria Frankia , in which they infect the roots of the plant. This relationship is what is responsible for the nitrogen-fixation qualities of the plants, and what makes them important to nitrogen-poor environments. ==Distribution and ecology==

Actinorhizal plants are found on all continents except for Antarctica. Their ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules confers a selective advantage in poor soils, and are therefore pioneer species where available nitrogen is scarce, such as moraines, volcanic flows or sand dunes. Being among the first species to colonize these disturbed environments, actinorhizal shrubs and trees play a critical role, enriching the soil and enabling the establishment of other species in an ecological succession. ==Evolutionary origin==

No fossil records are available concerning nodules, but fossil pollen of plants similar to modern actinorhizal species has been found in sediments deposited 87 million years ago. The origin of the symbiotic association remains uncertain. The ability to associate with Frankia is a polyphyletic character and has probably evolved independently in different clades. Nevertheless, actinorhizal plants and Legumes, the two major nitrogen-fixing groups of plants share a relatively close ancestor, as they are all part of a clade within the rosids which is often called the nitrogen-fixing clade. ==The symbiotic nodules==

As in legumes, nodulation is favored by nitrogen deprivation and is inhibited by high nitrogen concentrations. Depending on the plant species, two mechanisms of infection have been described: The first is observed in casuarinas or alders and is called root hair infection. In this case the infection begins with intracellular penetration of a Frankia hypha into a root hair that has curled under its influence, followed by the formation of a primitive symbiotic organ known as a prenodule. The second mechanism of infection is called intercellular entry and is well described in Discaria species. In this case bacteria penetrate the root extracellularly, growing between epidermal cells then between cortical cells. Cortical cells of the nodule are invaded by Frankia filaments coming from the site of infection/the prenodule. Actinorhizal nodules have generally an indeterminate growth, new cells are therefore continually produced at the apex and successively become infected. should help to develop a far better understanding in the following years. == Notes ==