Action of 22 August 1795

In the winter of 1794–1795 the armies of the French Republic overran the Dutch Republic, reforming the country into a sister republic named the Batavian Republic. The Dutch Republic was part of the Coalition against Republican France formed in the War of the First Coalition at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars, and their closest ally in Northern Europe was Great Britain. In Britain the Admiralty was alarmed by developments in the Netherlands, particularly the seizure of the Dutch Navy by French cavalry units while the fleet was frozen into its winter harbour, and gave orders that the Royal Navy was to detain Dutch merchant and naval ships. As a result, the Batavian Republic and Great Britain began an undeclared war in the spring of 1795. In response to the threat that the Batavian fleet posed, the Admiralty established a new British fleet to oppose it. The Admiralty named this force, under the command of Admiral Adam Duncan, the North Sea Fleet. The fleet was based at Yarmouth in East Anglia and consisted mainly of older and weaker second-line vessels. Duncan was also provided with a number of frigates, essential in securing the safe movement of the Baltic trade. Much of Britain's vital naval stores were obtained from Scandinavia and the trade routes through the Baltic Sea and North Sea were vital to the maintenance of the Royal Navy. The Scandinavian trade routes were equally important for the Batavian Navy, and to protect their merchant shipping from attack by British frigates, the Batavian authorities also sent a frigate squadron to the region, consisting of the 36-gun frigates Alliantie and Argo and the 16-gun cutter Vlugheid under Captain Arnold Christiaan Leopold van Dirckinck. On the afternoon of 22 August 1795 the Batavian force was sailing southeast along the Norwegian coast, then part of Denmark-Norway, tacking to port towards the land, when the British squadron was spotted approaching from the south. ==Battle==

With their ships heavily outnumbered by the approaching British, the Batavian squadron made all sail along the coastline with the intention of sheltering in the neutral Dano-Norwegian harbour of Eigerøya. Despite the odds against him, the Batavian captain engaged Stag, Yorke laying his ship alongside Alliantie and the frigates exchanging broadsides for an hour before the Batavian captain, his situation hopeless and his ship outnumbered and battered, surrendered at 17:15. While Stag and Alliantie fought their duel, the action continued elsewhere, with the remaining Batavian ships making progress eastwards along the Norwegian coastline with the British squadron attempting to cut them off from the channel between Eigerøya and the Norwegian mainland in which the Batavian ships could shelter, protected by Dano-Norwegian neutrality. Vlugheid rapidly outdistanced pursuit, but Argo was slower and came under heavy but distant fire from Reunion and Isis, replying in kind. Argo was subsequently found to have been hit thirty times by 24-pounder shot and had much of its sails and rigging torn away, requiring extensive repairs. Eventually the Batavian persistence paid off, and Vlugheid and Argo successfully escaped into the neutral harbour of Eigerøya before Alms could intercept them. ==Aftermath==

The British suffered four killed and 13 wounded on Stag, one killed and three wounded on Reunion and two wounded on Isis. Only Vestal suffered no damage or casualties. Alms sent Alliantie to England under Lieutenant Patrick Tonyn of Stag and ordered Lieutenant William Huggell of Reunion to deliver despatches to the Admiralty. He remained at sea with his squadron, completing their assigned patrol. The surviving Batavian ships remained at anchor in the Eigerøya channel until the spring of 1796, when they successfully returned to Dutch ports. Alliantie was taken to Spithead and purchased by the Royal Navy, which renamed her HMS Alliance. Prize money was distributed to the crews of Alms' ships and shared equally among them; the crew of Isis alone shared £240 (the equivalent of £ as of ). The crew of Alliantie were sent to Ashford, Kent as prisoners of war. Over the ensuing years, Duncan's fleet largely protected Britain's North Sea trade routes from Batavian attacks and in 1797 decisively defeated the Batavian navy at the Battle of Camperdown. When news of the battle reached the Batavian Republic, there was widespread anger as they were not at war with Britain. On 3 September, the Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland issued a resolution ordering the Dutch envoy in Copenhagen, Christiaan Bangeman Huygens, to lodge a complaint over Alm's alleged violation of Dano-Norwegian neutrality. Huygens claimed in his complaint that Norwegian pilots had already gone onboard the Batavian ships prior to the battle, indicating that they had entered Dano-Norwegian waters; he also demanded that Denmark-Norway make representations at the Court of St James's to return Alliantie to the Batavian Republic. Vice-admiral Jan Willem de Winter, the Batavian Navy's commander-in-chief, issued a proclamation after the battle praising the conduct of van Dirckinck's squadron and denouncing the British. The proclamation also noted that Argo suffered two killed and 15 injured during the battle and claimed that the Batavian brigs Echo, Gier and Mercuur stopped four British merchantmen and brought them into Kristiansand on 22 August in reprisal. However, historian Gerrit Dirk Bom noted that de Winter was mistaken and that the brigs actually stopped the four merchantmen (along with one brig) on 19 August, which may have caused Alms to attack the Batavian squadron on 22 August. On 19 September, Huygens wrote to the Provisional Representatives, confirming that the Danish government had made diplomatic overtures to the British, which ultimately proved to be pointless as Britain had already declared war on the Batavian Republic on 15 September. In the letter, Huygens also noted that the crews of the four merchantmen had been delivered to the British consul in Kristiansand, John Mitchell, on 22 August. ==Notes==