Adam Pragier

Pragier was born into a well-to-do family of Jewish descent. His father, Stanisław, was a medical practitioner, and his mother, Józefa, was a member of the Szancer family. After home education in Warsaw, he was sent as a boarder to the prestigious St Anne's Academy in Kraków, where Jozef Retinger would have been a younger contemporary and where he joined the left leaning youth organisation, "Promień". He graduated from high school in 1904 and went on to the Jagiellonian University Medical College and joined the socialist "Spójna" group. He was allied to the Warsaw-based Polish Socialist Party. After a year, he transferred to the medical department of the University of Zurich, where he was a member of the PPS abroad and soon became its leader. After the 1906 split in the party, he was active in the Polish Socialist Party-Left faction. == Prewar career ==

, scene of the political Brest trials 1931 In 1907–1908, he was editor of the review, "Myśl Socjalistyczna" ("Socialist Thought"). Having obtained a basic medical degree to satisfy his parents, he switched to his abiding interest, political economy, and obtained his PhD at Zurich University in 1910, with a thesis in German, Die Produktivgenossenschaften der schweizerischen Arbeiter (Manufacturing Cooperatives run by Swiss Workers). In 1914, he gave the first critique in the Polish language of Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital, published in the periodical Ekonomista. ==Invasion of Poland and exile==

Pragier's partner and literary collaborator in London Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, he was once again in France from where he escaped to the United Kingdom. He participated in the formation on 30 September 1939 of the Second Wladyslaw Sikorski government to ensure the continuity of the Second Polish Republic's authority after the internment in the Kingdom of Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and his government on 18 September 1939. From 3 November 1942 he was a member of the Polish Polish National Council, which acted in place of an elected parliament. From 1944 to 1949, he was Minister of Information in the administrations led by Tomasz Arciszewski and by Tadeusz Komorowski. On the termination of President August Zaleski's term of office, he sided with him in opposition to the Rada Trzech (Council of Three) and remained loyal to him to the end, in spite of their fundamental political differences. From 1941 to 1947, he was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the PPS. He was dismissed from the PPS in exile in 1946. From 1947 he was leader of the Union of Polish Socialists Abroad. From 1949 to 1951, he was recalled to the Polish National Council. From 1954 to 1970, he was on the Council of the Government in exile, serving as its chairman between 1963 and 1968. He was a regular contributor to Mieczysław Grydzewski's London-based weekly, Wiadomości (political and literary newspaper), where, together with his new life partner, art historian Stefania Zahorska, they edited the Puszka (''Pandora's Box) section given over to commentary on world affairs. His published work was centred on international affairs, in particular east–west relations, and developments in Poland. He was a political sparring partner to Juliusz Mieroszewski, who was a columnist for the Paris-based Kultura''. Pragier was unwavering in his support of the legal continuity of the Polish government-in-exile, attributing to it an inalienable right for the continued struggle for the recovery of Poland's independence as a state. A 2019 Polish evaluation of his life dubbed him "the eternal dissident". He was a founding member of the Polish Society of Arts and Sciences Abroad. He belonged to the Feemasons' Lodge Kopernik. In his late eighties, Pragier retired to the Polish hospital in Penley, near Wrexham, where he died in 1976. He was buried in Hampstead Cemetery, London. == Awards ==

• Wielką Wstęgą Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (1965) • Medal Niepodległości == Personal life ==

In 1912 he married Eugenia Berke a PPS activist and after 1945 a member of the PZPR. After the outbreak of WwII the couple were in separation. They had no children. == Selected works ==

• Polish Peace Aims. London: Max Love Publishing Co. Ltd. 1944. • Cele wojenne Polski [Polish peace aims]. pub. Nakład oddziału Kultury i Prasy. Biblioteka Orła Białego. Włochy. 1945. (in Polish) • La question polonaise. Interview accordée à M. Wincenty Maliniak, correspondant des journaux polonais aux États Unis. [The Polish question. An interview with Wincenty Maliniak, correspondent of the Polish press in the USA] 1946. (in French) • • Puszka Pandory, (Pandora's Box) London 1969, pub. Polska Fundacja Kulturalna (in Polish) • Czas teraźniejszy, (The Present) London 1975, pub. Polska Fundacja Kulturalna (in Polish) • Zarys skarbowości komunalnej. 2 vols. [An outline of communal finances], original edition in 1924. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Przemiany. 1990. (in Polish) == References ==