Aegopodium podagraria

This herbaceous perennial grows to a height of from underground rhizomes. The stems are erect, hollow, and grooved. The upper leaves are ternate, broad and toothed. It flowers in spring and early summer. Numerous flowers are grouped together in an umbrella-shaped flowerhead known as a compound umbel. This is divided into several individual umbels (known as umbellets). Each umbellet has 15 to 20 rays (pedicels) that are each topped with a single, small, five-petaled white flower. The fruits, produced in late summer and autumn, are small and have long curved styles. ==Distribution and habitat==

Aegopodium podagraria is distributed widely in the temperate zone of western Asia and the whole of mainland Europe. It has been introduced elsewhere, including Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia (including Tasmania), New Zealand, and Japan. == Ecology ==

'' beetle on goutweed flowers In Eurasia, it is used as a food plant by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera, including dot moth, grey dagger and grey pug, although A. podagraria is not the exclusive host to any of these species. Invasiveness Seed dispersal and seedling establishment are typically limited by shading, and new establishments from seed are restricted to disturbed areas. However A. podagraria readily spreads over large areas of ground by underground rhizomes. Once established, the plants are highly competitive, even in shaded environments, and can reduce the diversity of ground cover and prevent the establishment of tree and shrub seedlings. Because of its limited seed dispersal ability, short-lived seed bank and seedling recruitment, the primary vector for dispersal to new areas is human plantings as an ornamental, medicinal or vegetable plant, as well as by accidentally spreading rhizomes by dumping of garden waste. It spreads rapidly under favorable growing conditions. Because of this it has been described as a nuisance species, and been labelled one of the "worst" garden weeds in perennial flower gardens. It can pose an ecological threat owing to its invasive nature, with potential to crowd out native species. Hand pulling, raking, and digging followed by monitoring to control goutweed may be effective; however, caution must be taken to remove the entire rhizome and root system. Removing flowers before seed set may help control the spread of goutweed. Because goutweed's starch reserves are typically depleted by spring, removal of leaves in spring could be effective in starving the plant. Once goutweed has been removed, the patch should be carefully monitored periodically for a few years. New shoots should be dug up and destroyed. Revegetation with other plant materials is recommended. Systemic herbicides such as glyphosate are recommended because A. podagraria will regrow if merely defoliated. == Uses ==

The tender leaves can be utilized as a spring leaf vegetable akin to spinach, It has been used as a medicinal herb to treat gout and arthritis. The plant is said to have been introduced into Great Britain by the Romans as a food plant and into Northern Europe as a medicinal herb by monks. It is still found growing in patches surrounding many monastic ruins in Europe, and descriptions of its use are found among monastic writings, such as in Physica by Hildegard von Bingen. As a member of Apiaceae, its flowers may be confused with extremely toxic species such as poison hemlock and hemlock water dropwort; attention to the leaves is required for a conclusive identification. leaves A variegated form is grown as an ornamental plant. However it is banned in several states owing to its invasiveness. Seeds from the variegated form may revert to the more aggressive green form. Ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria).jpg|Ground elder Poison Hemlock.jpg|Hemlock Oenanthe crocata flowers.jpg|Hemlock water-dropwort ==Gallery==

Zevenbladbloem R01.jpg|Flowerhead from above, each secondary umbel (umbellet) with 15 to 20 rays Aegopodium podagraria1 ies.jpg|Basal leaf Aegopodium podagraria PID1588-2.jpg|Entire plant Loužek (přírodní rezervace), rostlinstvo (002).jpg|Spreading habit Aegopodium_podagraria_-_stem_profile.jpg|Triangular stem profile ==References==