Of
Amhara descent, Afäwarq was born in
Zegé on the southern shore of
Lake Tana. He received a traditional education from the church of Ura Kidana Mehrat under the direction of his grandfather
Manher Denqe, whom Bahru Zewde describes as "a noted scholar." He also practiced painting in the traditional Ethiopian style. Afäwarq was also related to the Empress
Taytu Betul, and it apparently was through her that he was introduced to Emperor
Menelik II's court sometime after 1880. It was there he came to the attention of the Italian diplomat Count
Pietro Antonelli, who was impressed with his artistic abilities and enabled him to study in Italy. Afäwarq left for Italy in September 1887, and was admitted to the International Institute in
Milan, where he attended classes in painting at the
Albertina Academy of Fine Arts. During his studies in Milan, he was called to be the official interpreter for the Ethiopian delegation headed by then
Dejazmach Makonnen Wolde Mikael. Afäwarq later claimed that it was he who pointed out the infamous discrepancy between the Amharic and
Italian versions of article XVII of the
Treaty of Wuchale. He returned to Ethiopia, arriving in
Addis Ababa on 11 July 1890, at a time when his Italian connections only made the Empress disfavor him. Afäwarq's relationship with Taytu only worsened, so he was relieved when he was asked in September 1894 to escort two men to
Neuchâtel in Switzerland where they had been enrolled at the International School. By this time Afäwarq had also married the daughter of
Alfred Ilg. It was while in Switzerland that Afäwarq first sided with Italy over his homeland, crossing over to Italy with his two charges and putting all three at the service of the Italian authorities. The Italians quickly sent them to the war front; they arrived at
Massawa 6 January 1896, but despite Italian plans and intentions nothing of consequence came of this misadventure, and the three men were at
Asmara when the Italians were defeated at
Adwa. Afäwarq returned to Italy, and the next 16 years, as Bahru Zewde states, witnessed "some of the most important literary and intellectual accomplishments of his career. These included work on Amharic grammar, an Italian-Amharic conversation manual, the satirical
Guide du voyageur, and the novel
Ləbb Wälläd Tarik.
Ləbb Wälläd Tarik, about twin siblings Tobbya and Waḥəd and also simply known as
Tobbya, was published in Rome in 1908 under the name Afevork Ghevre Jesus and is widely considered the first novel in Amharic. Afäwarq also worked with the Italian Ethiopicist
Francesco Gallina at this time. In 1912, Afäwarq moved to
Italian Eritrea where he established an import-export business. On the death of Emperor Menelik, he attempted to ingratiate himself with his successor, Emperor
Iyasu V, by writing poems lauding the young man; when Iyasu was deposed in a coup four years later, writes Bahru Zewde, "With the amazing dexterity for volte-face that was to be the hallmark of his career and character, Afäwärq composed an equally condemnatory poem on Iyyasu." This latter tactic apparently succeeded in reconciling him with the new authorities, for in 1917 or 1918 he was back in Addis Ababa. By 1922 he had become the
Nagadras of
Dire Dawa in 1922, then between 1925 and 1930 Afäwarq served as president of the special court that heard cases involving foreigners and Ethiopians. He was appointed ''charge d'affairs'' in Rome for the Ethiopian government, a position for which Bahru Zewde notes that due to "his known predilection for the Italians and his record of treason" he might not have made him the best candidate. Bahru however goes on to quote the American representative in Ethiopia,
Addison E. Southard, who observed that
Haile Selassie wanted "to get rid of Afäwarq locally who has the reputation for being an obstreperous and fire-eating old gentleman with potentialities for stirring ... trouble." He returned to Ethiopia shortly before the beginning of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, but upon the Italian forces entering Addis Ababa, he acquiesced to their rule, christening 5 May 1936 as the beginning of the "Era of Mercy" for Ethiopia. Despite his loyalty to the Italian cause, in the backlash that followed the
attempt on Graziani's life, he was arrested and deported to Italy. He was not allowed to return to Ethiopia until 1938, after which he served usefully enough to be made
Afa Qesar ("Mouthpiece of the Caesar") 9 May 1939. However, upon Haile Selassie's return to Ethiopia, Afäwarq was arrested by the restored Ethiopian government, tried for treason, and sentenced to death—a sentence subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. He was exiled to
Jimma where Afäwarq, by then blind, died on 25 September 1947. == Works ==