Aggregated distribution

When predators need to search for their prey, they could search at random, as has been assumed in models such as those made by Lotka in 1925 and Volterra in 1928. This would imply that they scatter themselves evenly across the environment. However, prey may be concentrated at high densities in some areas and scarce elsewhere. The zoologists M. P. Hassell and R. M. May noted that predators and parasites, too, might aggregate themselves where prey was abundant, choosing some response curve: they observed for example that redshanks (predatory birds) adopted a sigmoid (s-shaped) response to the density of Corophium (amphipod) prey per square metre of mudflats. They noted, too, that several different behaviours of predators or parasites could cause them to aggregate selectively in areas where prey are at high density: they could be attracted by a volatile substance liberated by prey or the plants they are feeding on; they could choose to spend more time in areas where they have caught prey, as many predators appear to do; or, predators could follow an individual predator which had located prey, as is seen in feeding terns. Aggregated distributions of predators where they tend to spend time in areas where prey are concentrated have the effect of stabilising prey populations; when the time to travel between such concentrated areas is high; and when the prey populations too are more highly clumped. ==In parasites==

Parasite aggregation with respect to hosts is, according to Robert Poulin "a defining feature of metazoan parasite populations." The main reason for this is probably either that some hosts are more exposed to parasites, or that they are more susceptible to them. Quantitative ecology Aggregated distribution of parasites across their hosts poses considerable problems for students of parasite ecology, as it renders parametric statistics as commonly used by biologists invalid. Log-transformation of data before the application of parametric test, or the use of non-parametric statistics is recommended by several authors, but this can give rise to further problems, so quantitative parasitology is based on more advanced biostatistical methods. ==In plants==

Intraspecific aggregation within a plant community increases competition and crowding, altering competitive interactions among and between species. Aggregated distributions tend to decrease performance of dominant plant species, while benefiting the performance of competitively inferior species. Aggregation can exacerbate the effect of density-dependent mortality, further benefiting otherwise inferior species by providing space and resources for the species growth. The presence of density-dependent mortality has been shown to shift distributions away from an aggregated pattern to a random or repulsion distribution pattern ==References==