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Aging out

Aging out is American popular culture vernacular used to describe any time a youth leaves a formal system of care designed to provide services below a certain age level. The age at which a child “ages out” of foster care in the United States varies by state, and is usually between the ages of 18 and 21. Foster youth can choose to participate in extended foster care or not.

Impacts
Often used to highlight the problems traditional foster care approaches face, aging out affects foster youth in a variety of ways such as homelessness, incarceration, substance abuse, and lower educational attainment. An estimated 30,000 adolescents age out of the foster care system each year in the United States. “By the age of 21, 23 percent will have experienced homelessness, 26 percent will have been incarcerated, and only 66 percent will have received a high school diploma or GED (AECF, 2019)”. “Moreover, less than 8 percent will receive a college degree, and 50 percent will still be unemployed by the age 24 (National Foster Youth Institute, 2017)”. These tribulations may be due in part to traumatic experiences in childhood, but they could also be due to the loss of resources and support at a young age. Extending foster care gives foster youth longer access to housing, social, and financial support which "...reduces homelessness by 18 to 30 percent, incarceration by 36 to 46 percent, and disconnectedness (neither enrolled in school nor working) by 7 to 30 percent”. == Former foster youth in education ==
Former foster youth in education
Children who grow up in foster care have lower rates of high school and post-secondary education completion. Using the PRISMA methodology (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), Gypen et al. (2017) systematically gathered published research articles from electronic databases such as PsycINFO, Springer, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Their comprehensive review included articles under the terms "Foster care" or "Foster alumni" or "foster children" and "long-term perspectives" or "long-term results". The studies included participants aged 17 years and older (no age cap) gathering data from family service systems and child protective systems. Dworsky and Courtney (2009) found that in child protective systems, only 64% had completed high school by the age of 19 and Pecora, Williams et al. (2006) found that by the age of 29, 85% had completed high school or completed a GED. The family service systems showed that 45% of foster students completed high school. Compared to the general population of 73%, this is considerably low. Gypen et al. (2017) suggests that this means that if given more time, children who grew in foster care, have a higher chance of getting a high school diploma or GED. although there are indications that women have better outcomes than men (Naccarato et al. 2010). Pecora, Williams et al. (2006) found that 42.7% started education after high school but by the age of 25, only 9.6% were still enrolled. The San Francisco Chronicle reports that less than half of emancipated youth who have aged out graduate from high school, compared to 85% of all 18- to 24-year-olds; fewer than 1 in 8 graduate from a four-year college; two-thirds had not maintained employment for a year; fewer than 1 in 5 was completely self-supporting; more than a quarter of the males spent time in jail; and 4 of 10 had become parents as a result of an unplanned pregnancy. ==Responses==
Responses
Independent Living Programs (ILPs) are ways in which state and federal agencies have assisted foster youth in their transition to adulthood. “ILPs and services vary across and within states and are based on need and availability of funding”. The federal Fostering Connections Act of 2008 aimed to incentivize states into extending foster care beyond the age of 18 so that these foster youth could have longer access to support and services. ==See also==
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