Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre was a well-known French philosopher who was concerned with human authenticity and individuality. His novel
Nausea is in some ways a
manifesto of atheistic existentialism. It deals with a dejected researcher (Antoine Roquentin) in an anonymous French town, where Roquentin becomes conscious of the fact that nature as well as every inanimate object is indifferent towards him and his tormented existence. The existential angst experienced by the protagonist allows him to eventually understand that meaning exists only when he creates it for himself. Sartre once said "existence precedes essence". What he meant was "that, first of all, man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only afterwards, defines himself. If man, as the existentialist conceives him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is nothing. Only afterward will he be something, and he himself will have made what he will be. Thus, there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it. Not only is man what he conceives himself to be, but he is also only what he wills himself to be after this thrust toward existence" (Jean-Paul Sartre,
Existentialism, trans. Bernard Frechtman (New York, 1947)). Sartre wrote other works in the spirit of atheistic existentialism (e.g. the short stories in his 1939 collection
The Wall).
Albert Camus Albert Camus writes of dualisms—between happiness and sadness—as well as life and death. In
The Myth of Sisyphus, such dualism becomes paradoxical because humans greatly value their existence while at the same time being aware of their
mortality. Camus believes it is human nature to have difficulty reconciling these paradoxes; and indeed, he believed humankind must accept what he called the
Absurd. On the other hand, Camus is not strictly an existential atheist because the acceptance of the Absurd implies neither the existence of God nor the nonexistence of God (compare
agnosticism).
Friedrich Nietzsche Considered one of the founding fathers of existentialism, German philosopher
Friedrich Nietzsche was a critic of Christian theology. Arguing that morality itself is a human construct as opposed to the laws of nature, which are inherently morally neutral, Nietzsche divided morality into two types: slave morality and master morality. It is this first type, slave morality, which he associates with religion, specifically, with Christianity. It is for this reason that many associate Nietzsche's philosophy with
nihilism. By contrast, others claim his assertion that nothing exists beyond this life merely requires us to rethink the tenets of morality, not to throw the concept of morality itself out the window. Indeed, they argue that while Nietzsche believed humanity was on track toward nihilism, he was not directly advocating it as the direction in which we should head. == See also ==