Air traffic controller

Origins with his equipment such as signaling flags stored in a wheelbarrow. Corporal watching an aircraft approach from a control tower during World War II. On the table are a radio receiver, hand-held Aldis signalling lamp, and log book. Air traffic controlling dates to the early 1920s in the UK; the first control tower was established on 25 February 1920 at Croydon Airport. In 1922 Jimmy Jeffs was issued the first Air Traffic Control License. In the US, Archie League is regarded as the first air traffic controller and was hired by the city of St. Louis in 1929 to prevent collisions. Early controllers relied on simple visual signaling methods such as flags to communicate with pilots. Introduction of radar and radio communication In 1930 Cleveland Airport opened the first tower using two-way radio communication and in 1946 Indianapolis International Airport (then Weir-Cook airport) became the first civilian airport to have radar installed. These innovations fundamentally changed the profession of air traffic controllers from guidance and ground controlling to actively guiding planes that are already in the air and making sure they land safely. Future prospects With new technologies such as artificial intelligence emerging, efforts to automate certain tasks of ATCs began. There is a consensus among developers and airport operators that, in the foreseeable future, air traffic controllers will tend to be more of a system manager overseeing decisions made by automated systems and intervening to resolve unexpected situations, which is currently one of the most difficult tasks for artificial intelligence, making full replacement unlikely. One challenge with partially automated workflows is the potential for skill and knowledge disintegration due to reduced daily practice. One possible solution is the use of computer-based training or simulation technologies to maintain continuous learning and proficiency. An alternative approach to modernization is the implementation of fully digital remote and virtual towers. This method replaces the conventional physical control tower with remote facilities utilizing digital technologies and information dense, virtual environments to manage air traffic operations. Significant progress has already been made in this area, with the first remotely controlled tower having opened in Sweden in 2014. Another concern is the acceptance or willingness by the controllers to use such technology. In a study with 500 air traffic controllers Bekier et al. found that as soon as the focus of decision-making shifts away from the air traffic controller, support for the technology dramatically decreases. == Roles ==

Area controllers Area controllers (also called "en route" or in the US "center controllers") oversee aircraft at higher altitudes, in the en-route phase of their flight surrounding busier airports and airspace. In contrast to tower controllers, their job is dominated by the discovery of conflicts. Area controllers may also handle aircraft at lower altitudes as well as air traffic around small airports that do not have their own towers or approach controllers. Area controllers are responsible for specific sectors of 3D blocks of airspace with defined dimensions. Each sector is managed by at least one area controller, known as an "R-side" (Radar) controller that handles radio communications. During busier times of traffic, there may also be a second area controller, known as a "D-side" (Data), assigned to the same area in order to assist the R-side Area controller. This can be done with or without the use of radar: radar allows a sector to handle much more traffic; however, procedural control is used in many areas where traffic levels do not justify radar or the installation of radar is not feasible, such as over oceans. Area controllers operate within area control centers, also known as centers or en-route centers. where they are controlling high-level en-route aircraft. In the US, these facilities are specifically referred to as Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs). Area controllers can also work in terminal control centers, which control aircraft climbing from or descending to major groups of airports. Aerodrome or tower , EnglandAerodrome or Tower controllers control aircraft within the immediate vicinity of the airport and use visual observation from the airport tower. The tower's airspace is often a radius around the airport, but can vary greatly in size and shape depending on traffic configuration and volume. The tower positions are typically split into many different positions such as Flight Data/Clearance Delivery, Ground Control, and Local Control (known as Tower by the pilots); at busier facilities, a limited radar approach control position may be needed. In some countries all air traffic controlling is handled by the military and all controllers are soldiers., 1962|217x217px Public/private Historically, most controllers were civil servants. While in many countries still have public ATC services, some have implemented mixed or fully privatized models. For example, Canada was the first country to fully privatize its air traffic control services. Globally, the trend toward privatization varies. == Working conditions ==

Work patterns Typically, controllers work between 90 and 120 minutes followed by a 30-minute break. Except at smaller airports with little air traffic volume, air traffic control operates nonstop, requiring controllers to work rotating shifts that include nights, weekends, and public holidays. Shift schedules are usually set 28 days in advance. In many countries, the structure of controllers' shift patterns is regulated to allow for adequate time off. The shift pattern often varies depending on country, facility and its location. In the US the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulates the hours that an air traffic controller may work: controllers may not work more than 10 straight hours during a shift, which includes required breaks, and must have 9 hours of rest before their next shift. Additionally they usually work a relatively unique rotating shift schedule, called the 2-2-1. Working on this schedule means rotating between two afternoon shifts, two morning shifts and a midnight shift over the course of a week. Stress Many countries regulate work hours to ensure that controllers are able to remain focused and effective. Research suggests that after prolonged periods of continuous work for more than two hours, performance can deteriorate rapidly, even at low traffic levels. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) therefore recommends breaks at least every two hours. In a study which compared stress in the general population and in this kind of systems markedly showed more stress level for controllers. This variation can be explained, at least in part, by the characteristics of the job. == Career path ==

In the United States trainee controllers begin work in their 20s and retire in their 50s almost universally. This is due to an FAA requirement that trainees begin their training at the academy no later than their 31st birthday, and face mandatory retirement at the last day of the month they turn 56. At the discretion of the Secretary of Transportation, the retirement age can be extended to 61. These controllers also may work longer than age 56 in order to be able to receive their pension. While other countries have different regulations, a similar concept is used in many countries, such as a maximal age to start training of 24 in Germany. == Training and qualifications ==

Requirements Air traffic controllers are subject to some of the strictest physical and mental health requirements for any profession, reflecting the high responsibility. In Europe and parts of Asia, controllers must hold a Class 3 medical certificate which involves evaluations of vision, hearing, physical and mental health. While in the United States there is no required certificate, candidates undergo similar assessments by the FAA; for example, air traffic controllers are required to pass a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) before being allowed to work in the profession. Certain health conditions such as diabetes, epilepsy, heart disease, and many psychiatric disorders (e.g., clinical depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder, personality disorders, a history of drug abuse, etc.) may lead to automatic disqualification or require explicit testing and waivers signed by the overseeing medical authority, demonstrating that the disorder does not impact the individuals' ability to do the job. Other conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure), while not automatically disqualifying, are taken seriously and must be monitored by certified doctors. Controllers must take precautions to remain healthy. Additionally controllers must report all medications they are taking, even over-the-counter drugs to the responsible medical authority. In the US numerous drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are either banned or require an air traffic controller to apply for a Special Consideration Medical Certificate and undergo continuous monitoring of the underlying medical condition. Additionally excellent verbal communication skills are required, as controllers must be able to clearly communicate and listen to pilots' requests, even under high-stress conditions. Additionally, ATCs are required to possess a certain skillset including situational awareness, organizational skills, and the ability to manage multiple tasks simultaneously as well as always being thorough and paying attention to detail. Controllers must be able to make quick decisions, particularly in dynamic or high-stress situations. Controllers are expected to possess excellent verbal communication skills to exchange precise information with pilots and other controllers as clarity and accuracy are essential to maintaining safety. Education Civilian air traffic controllers' licensing is standardized by international agreement through the ICAO. Many countries have air traffic control schools, which are often operated by the provider of air traffic services in that country or sometimes privately. These institutions provide training to individuals without any prior air traffic control experience. After the completion of academic training, the graduating student will be granted an Air Traffic Control license, which will include one or more Ratings. These are sub-qualifications denoting the air traffic control discipline or disciplines in which the person has been trained. The ICAO defines five such ratings: Whenever an air traffic controller is posted to a new unit or starts work on a new sector within a particular unit, they must undergo a period of training regarding the procedures peculiar to that particular unit and/or sector. The majority of this training is done in a live position controlling real aircraft and is referred to as On the Job Training (OJT). In this phase trainees are always with a fully qualified and trained mentor or an On the Job Training Instructor (OJTI), who will also be 'plugged into' the position to give guidance and is ready to immediately take over should it become necessary. The length of this phase of training usually varies between one and three years, depending on the complexity of the sector. Only once a person has passed all training stages they will be allowed to control a position alone. Air traffic control schools in the United States • Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology – East Elmhurst, New York • Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University – Daytona Beach, Florida • John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences – Grand Forks, North Dakota ==See also==