Aldabrachelys gigantea arnoldi

The subspecific name, arnoldi, is in honor of British herpetologist Edwin Nicholas "Nick" Arnold. ==Description==

The three Aldabra-Seychelles giant tortoise subspecies can be distinguished based on |carapace shape, but many captive animals may have distorted carapaces, so they may be difficult to identify. Arnold's giant tortoise is flattened, smooth, and with a relatively high opening to the shell; it is usually black. This subspecies usually has a depression on the suture between the first and second costal scutes, this may be a shallow depression or a distinctive pit. The plastron is less variable than the carapace and usually provides a good indication of the subspecies. ==Life history==

Giant tortoises are among the longest-lived animals on the planet. Some individual Aldabra giant tortoises are thought to be over 200 years of age, but this is difficult to verify because they tend to outlive their human observers. Adwaita was reputedly one of four brought by British seamen from the Seychelles Islands as gifts to Robert Clive of the British East India Company in the 18th century, and came to the Calcutta Zoo in 1875. At his death in March 2006 at the Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) Zoo in India, Adwaita is reputed to have reached the longest ever measured life span of 255 years (birth year 1750). Today, Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise, is thought to be the oldest living giant tortoise at the age of years and Esmeralda second at the age of 170 years, since the death of Harriet, a Galapagos giant tortoise, at 176. Esmeralda is an Aldabra giant tortoise. ==Morphotype==

This is a controversial subspecies possibly distinct from the Aldabra giant tortoise. The subspecies is a morphologically distinctive morphotype, but is considered synonymous with that species by many researchers. This identification is based primarily on morphological characters. Published molecular identifications are unclear with several different indications provided by different data sources. Captive-reared juveniles suggest that there may be a genetic basis for the morphotype and more detailed genetic work is needed to elucidate these relationships. The subspecies is the only living saddle-backed tortoise in the Seychelles islands. It was apparently extirpated from the wild but recently purportedly rediscovered in captivity. The current population of this morphotype is 24 adults, including 18 adult males in nonbreeding captive groups on Mahé Island. Successful captive breeding has produced numerous juveniles. ==Extinction and rediscovery==

The Aldabra subspecies has generally been assumed to have been the only one to survive over-exploitation. Occasionally, most recently in 1995, it has been suggested that some Seychelles granitic island tortoises survive in captivity. The report of oddly-shaped captive tortoises prompted the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles to examine the identity of the living tortoises. Examination of museum specimens of the 'extinct' Seychelles subspecies by Dr. Justin Gerlach and Laura Canning confirmed that some living tortoises do show characteristics of the supposedly extinct subspecies. Some recently published scientific papers on the genetics of the Seychelles and Indian Ocean tortoises provide conflicting results. Some studies suggest only one species was ever present in the islands, whilst others suggest three distinct, but closely related, species. These different views derive from studies of different genes. A synthesis of all available genetic data indicates Arnold's giant tortoise is genetically the most distinctive Aldabrachelys tortoise. This fits with the ecology and morphology of the subspecies, as a highly distinctive tortoise adapted to feeding on low vegetation rather than the grazing habits of the Seychelles giant tortoise and Aldabra giant tortoise. Due to its unusual 'saddle-backed' shape, this is the only Seychelles tortoise species that regularly basks in the sun. The other subspecies do so occasionally, but Arnold's giant tortoises rapidly lose heat from the skin of their exposed necks and need to heat up in the sun in the mornings. Conservation With DNA testing, tortoises of the "extinct" subspecies were identified and were acquired by the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles for conservation. They were brought to Silhouette Island and the captive-breeding program was initiated in 1997. For several years, the female tortoises produced infertile eggs, but in December 2002, eggs laid by a small tortoise started to hatch. By 2006, the Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles had produced as many babies of the Arnold's tortoises as they could cope with, A survey in 2010 found that these tortoises were having a significant effect on the vegetation, restoring the areas where they feed into natural palm woodland. Woodland areas in 2006 were dominated by, and in 2010, regrowth of endemic palms were seen in the foreground. NPTS have produced a new generation of many young tortoises which will live for at least 100 years. In that time, an opportunity may occur to establish pure populations of these tortoises; these animals live longer than short-term management and development perspectives. On February 4, 2011, the first of the Arnold's giant tortoises were moved to North island. North island subsequently decided they did not want any more tortoises on the island and refused to take the remaining 92 tortoises. Fregate Island agreed to take them and the last of the tortoises were finally moved on June 14. ==References==