Aleksei Yuryevich German

German was born in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg, Russia) in 1938; his father was the writer Yuri German. He studied under Grigori Kozintsev until 1960, and then moved on to working in theatre before joining the Lenfilm studio as an assistant director. He made his directing debut with Sedmoy Sputnik, co-directed with Grigori Aronov in 1967. Over the course of his career, many of his projects met with production difficulties or official opposition; in 50 years, he managed to complete just six feature films, his final film being the science fiction film Hard to Be a God, completed by his son, Alexei German after his death, debuted at the Rome Film Festival in 2013. Trial on the Road (1971) is the film that made Alexei German famous. It was banned for fifteen years and was shelved by the Ministry of Culture of the Soviet Union until its release (1986) during the Gorbachev era. In 1987, at the Rotterdam International Film Festival (Netherlands), Alexei German, as a director, received a KNF Award for his three films, Trial on the Road, Twenty Days Without War, and My Friend Ivan Lapshin. German was married to the screenwriter Svetlana Karmalita; they had a son, Aleksei Alekseivich German, who is also a film director. German died of heart failure 21 February 2013. ==Style==

Most of German's films are set during the Joseph Stalin era and the Second World War, and they depict the time period in a critical light. His films, shot mostly in black and white or very muted color, have a distinctive "murky" look and are often described as looking "aged." He was known for his obstinacy as a director, for featuring protagonists who could be categorized neither as heroes nor antiheroes, and for casting actors against type. ==Filmography==

• 1967 – The Seventh Companion • 1976 – Twenty Days Without War • 1984 – My Friend Ivan Lapshin • 1986 – Trial on the Road (produced in 1971) • 1998 – Khrustalyov, My Car! • 2013 – Hard to Be a God (original title History of the Arkanar Massacre) ==References==