Born in
Moscow to a
noble family, his father was a
Chamberlain of the Russian
Imperial Court. In 1899, he graduated from
Moscow Imperial University with a law degree, was conscripted by the
army and served in a
grenadier regiment. In 1902, he enrolled at
Moscow Theological Academy, and by 1906, he had been elevated to the dignity of
archimandrite and was appointed
rector of the
seminary at
Tula. After the
Bolshevik Revolution, he was arrested several times, and in 1922, exiled to
Kazakhstan. In 1926, he returned to
Saint Petersburg (which had been renamed Leningrad) and was appointed
Archbishop of
Khutyn, that is, the
vicar of the
Diocese of
Novgorod. On 29 July 1927, Metropolitan
Sergei Stragorodsky, acting as de facto head of the Russian Orthodox Church, signed a statement of unconditional loyalty to the Soviet State. The statement was co-signed by all members of the Holy Synod, and Archbishop Alexy of Khutyn. He ran the diocese for much of the next seven years while Metropolitan
Arsenius Stadnitsky was in prison or exile. In 1933, Alexius served briefly as
Archbishop of Novgorod (for several months) and then
metropolitan of Leningrad. In the early hours of 5 September 1943, Metropolitan Alexius, together with Metropolitan
Sergius and Metropolitan
Nicholas (Yarushevich), met with
Joseph Stalin in the
Kremlin where a historic decision was made regarding the fate of the Church in the state ruled by the militantly
atheist Communist party. In the midst of
World War II, Stalin decided to allow the Russian Orthodox Church to legally function again after two decades of severe
persecution. Restrictions on the
Patriarchate of Moscow were relaxed somewhat and many churches throughout the
Soviet Union were re-opened. Stalin tried to appeal to patriotic feelings of the Russian people, especially the
peasantry, the backbone of the
Red Army, many of whom grew up in still deeply religious families. When Patriarch Sergius died on 15 May 1944, Metropolitan Alexy took his place as Patriarchal
locum tenens. In his first statement after assuming control of the Church, the Metropolitan assured Stalin of his "profound affection and gratitude" and vowed to "safeguard the Church against mistakes and false steps". On 2 February 1945, with Stalin's approval, Alexius I was elected
Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia and enthroned on February 4, 1945. In 1946, Alexius I presided over the controversial "re-unification" of the
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church with the ROC, seen by many as a takeover forced by the Stalinist government. In the same year, Patriarch Alexius called on all Catholics in the Soviet Union to reject all allegiance to the Pope: "Liberate yourself! You must break the Vatican chains, which throw you into the abyss of error, darkness and spiritual decay. Hurry, return to your true mother, the Russian Orthodox Church!"
Pope Pius XII replied: "Who does not know, that Patriarch Alexius I recently elected by the dissident bishops of Russia, openly exalts and preaches defection from the Catholic Church. In a letter lately addressed to the
Ruthenian Church, a letter, which contributed not a little to the persecution?" Patriarch Alexius joined the
World Peace Council, "a Soviet front organization," when it was founded in 1949. According to
Christopher Andrew and
Vasili Mitrokhin, both Patriarch Alexius and Metropolitan Nicholas "were highly valued by the
KGB as
agents of influence." After
the death of Stalin on 5 March 1953, the Patriarch composed a personal statement of condolence to the USSR's Council of Ministers. It read, "His death is a heavy grief for our Fatherland and for all the people who inhabit it. The whole Russian Orthodox Church, which will never forget his benevolent attitude to Church needs, feels great sorrow at his death. The bright memory of him will live ineradicably in our hearts. Our Church proclaims eternal memory to him with a special feeling of abiding love." In 1955, Patriarch Alexius declared, "The Russian Orthodox Church supports the totally peaceful foreign policy of the Soviet Union, not because the Church lacks freedom, but because Soviet policy is just and corresponds to the Christian ideals which the Church preaches." From 1959, however, the Russian Orthodox Church also had to endure
a new wave of persecution, mostly carried out on the orders of the new Soviet leader
Nikita Khrushchev. Despite this, Patriarch Alexius was permitted by the KGB to enroll the Russian Orthodox Church into the
Christian Peace Conference in 1958 and the
World Council of Churches in 1961. In 1965, Fathers
Gleb Yakunin and Nikolai Eschlimann wrote an
open letter to Patriarch Alexius. According to
Evgeny Barabanov, "They showed convincingly how a significant part of the governing episcopate, with voluntary silence or cunning connivance, had assisted the Atheists to close churches, monasteries, and religious schools, to liquidate religious communities, to establish the illegal practice of registering christenings, and had yielded to them control over the assignment and transfer of priests." The letter was published as
samizdat ("self-published", i.e.,
underground press). In May 1966, Patriarch Alexius ordered both priests suspended from the ministry.
Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn sharply criticized the treatment of Fathers Gleb and Nikolai in his own open letter to Patriarch Alexius. Patriarch Alexius died of a
myocardial infarction at the age of 92 in 1970 and was buried in the
Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius at
Sergiyev Posad outside of Moscow. ==Legacy==