The Solvay Process Company was a joint venture between
Belgian chemists
Ernest and Alfred Solvay, who owned the
patent rights to the
Solvay process, and Americans William B. Cogswell and Rowland Hazard II. Cogswell, a former resident of
Syracuse, was an engineer who was familiar with the natural resources of
Central New York that would be available for use in process. Knowing that American industry was importing
soda ash from Europe, Cogswell envisioned utilizing the process in America. After several refusals, Cogswell eventually secured American rights to the Solvay process. He obtained capital to build a production facility from Rowland Hazard II, scion of the
Hazard family. Rowland Hazard was the major American investor in the company and its first president. His son, Frederick Rowland Hazard, was an initial officer and subsequently became president. William B. Cogswell served as vice-president. Frederick's brother Rowland G. Hazard II soon followed Cogswell as vice-president. The Solvay brothers themselves had a one-third interest in the company. Wells in
Tully provided
salt brine, pumped by pipeline to Solvay. An elevated conveyor, with buckets suspended from a cable loop, passed in a tunnel through a hill to deliver stone from company quarries at
Split Rock in
Onondaga, about four miles to the south. . The
Erie Canal passed through this plant until about 1917. The
Erie Canal passed through the Solvay Process plant until 1917, as did
Onondaga Lake, connected to the
New York State canal system. The main line of the
New York Central Railroad also passed through company property. The town of
Solvay grew around the Solvay Process plant. The
Church and Dwight Company, producer of
Arm & Hammer baking soda, which used material from the Solvay process, built a production facility nearby. The Hazard family invested in an affiliated business, the Semet-Solvay Company, formed in 1895. Louis Semet, a relative of the Solvays, had developed with the brothers a coke oven designed to recover valuable materials formerly wasted in the
coking process. In 1892 the Solvay Process Company built the first of these ovens in America, forming the Semet-Solvay Company in 1895 to build and operate these ovens. Coke plants were located in
Ashland, Kentucky,
Buffalo, New York,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
Detroit, Michigan, and
Ironton, Ohio. Semet-Solvay also operated its own coal mines in
West Virginia, providing much of its coal supply. In 1889, Solvay came to southwest Detroit area known as
Delray. At the time it improved streets and the neighborhood, as it extracted underground salts from beneath the Detroit River. By 1969, Solvay was gone. In 1915, during
World War I,
Split Rock became the site of a munitions factory operated by the Semet-Solvay Company. The plant employed about 2500 people when it exploded on July 2, 1918, killing at least 50. The explosion allegedly occurred after a mixing motor in the main
TNT building overheated. The fire rapidly spread through the wooden structure of the main factory. Firefighting efforts were hampered by a loss of water pressure, and the factory eventually exploded. The blast leveled the structure.
Absorption by Allied Chemical Both the Solvay Process Company and the Semet-Solvay Company were absorbed by the
Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation in 1920, a merger promoted by chemist
William Henry Nichols and financier
Eugene Meyer. Nichols owned several chemical companies and was a founding member of the
American Chemical Society in 1876, serving twice as its president. Meyer was publisher of
The Washington Post. Nichols, having observed American dependence on German chemical production, hence vulnerability during
World War I, envisioned consolidation and recapitalization of the American chemical industry. Formed in 1920 and based in
New York City, the Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation combined five chemical companies, including Solvay Process and Semet-Solvay. When proposed, the promoters assured the companies that each would retain autonomy of operations. Meyer persuaded Orlando Weber to take charge of Allied Chemical. Under Weber's tenure between 1920 and 1935, Allied Chemical was successful financially, but his control reversed the previously agreed-upon policy about company autonomy. The Hazard family attempted to gain a controlling interest by quietly acquiring large amounts of stock in Allied Chemical. They failed to return operations of the plant to local control or rehire personnel terminated by the new corporation, contrary to their agreement.
1943 waste bed flood Large marshlands around the lake provided disposal for sludge from the process, leaving extensive "waste beds". These have contributed to the pollution of the Onondaga Lake. On
Thanksgiving Day in 1943, 40,000 tons of
industrial waste consisting of
calcium carbonate and
magnesia flooded the hamlet of
Lakeland, New York. The industrial waste originated from the Solvay Process plant, having broken through a retaining wall at waste bed number 7. Two square miles were covered by the waste, which reached as much as eight feet deep in some places.
The Post-Standard reported in 1993 that "every tree, shrub or blade of grass within a square mile was dead". There were no reported fatalities, but there were a few injured, such as Fred Hulbert, assistant chief of the auxiliary military police at Solvay Process, who was treated for acid burns and two frozen toes after rescuing numerous stranded Lakeland residents using a rowboat. Fifty-five residents were left homeless as a result of the flood. The waste was initially intended to be removed by dumping truckloads of
cinders into the waste until it solidified enough to be shoveled out, but that plan was scrapped in favor of dissolving the waste using water and eventually pumping it into
Ninemile Creek, which flows into Onondaga Lake. The cleanup process took two months to complete. The houses affected by the flood, now worthless, were purchased by Solvay Process and demolished. After the plant closed down in 1986, the main office building for the Solvay Process Company, located on Milton Avenue in Solvay, NY, was torn down in July of 2000. A historic marker was built at the original site of the company building on Milton Avenue near Lamont Ave. ==References==