Early years Alfred Wagenknecht, called "Wag" (pronounced "Wog") by many of his friends, was born August 15, 1881, in
Görlitz,
Imperial Germany, the son of Ernst Wagenknecht, a shoemaker. The family emigrated to the United States in 1884, and thus the German-born Wagenknecht essentially grew up as an American, living in Cleveland before departing as a young man for Washington state, on the West Coast. The Wagenknecht family was politically radical from Alfred's early years, with his father making a cash donation to the colonization fund established by the fledgling
Social Democracy of America in November 1897.
Political activity in Washington state Wagenknecht was drawn to radical politics at an early age, elected Organizer of the Pike Street Branch of Local Seattle,
Socialist Party of America in 1903. In this capacity he organized speakers for the branch, coordinated "street meetings" designed to bring socialist ideas to passersby by means of
soapbox speakers, and organized social events such as music recitals and dances. The next year saw Wagenknecht serving as the Press Agent for Local Seattle. He was an active member in the party's radical Pike Street Branch, which engaged in a long-running battle with the moderate Central Branch throughout the decade. In 1905 Wagenknecht married Hortense Allison, sister of party comrade
Elmer Allison. Wagenknecht was prominent in the ongoing free speech fights which local Seattle had with city officials over the right to speak in public and hold meetings on city streets and sidewalks. Wagenknecht was elected to the State Committee of the
Socialist Party of Washington (SPW) in 1905 and was the paid Local Secretary-Treasurer of a newly reorganized Local Seattle in 1906. In 1907, with the return of
Hermon F. Titus's left wing publication,
The Socialist, to Seattle, Wagenknecht left the employ of Local Seattle and went to work for Titus as Business Manager for his publication. As was the case for many rank-and-file party members of the day, Wagenknecht was a regular candidate for public office on the Socialist ticket, running for
US Congress in 1906, for Seattle Comptroller in 1908, and for Congress again in 1912 when the party's first choice, John Wanhope, stepped aside. Upon his release, "Wag" was elected to the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party and worked for National Office running the party's Propaganda Department. He was an early and fierce adherent of the
Left Wing Manifesto authored by
Louis C. Fraina and was active in the
Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party, the organized faction seeking to "win the Socialist Party for the Left Wing." Wagenknecht ran for National Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party in 1919 and was the leading vote-getter in the race, which was ultimately annulled by the outgoing NEC on account of purported voting irregularities by the
language federations of the party. Wagenknecht and the Left Wing attempted to establish themselves as a parallel National Executive Committee despite the outgoing NEC's refusal to officially tabulate the vote, and the "new NEC" met one time in Chicago in August in an attempt to assert authority over the party apparatus, with Wagenknecht declaring himself "Executive Secretary Pro Tem." This effort was rebuffed by sitting Executive Secretary
Adolph Germer and the party's Regular faction, however.
Communist Labor Party founder Wagenknecht was not eligible to participate in the seminal
1919 Emergency National Convention of the SPA owing to the expulsion of the Socialist Party of Ohio from the party for their endorsement of the Left Wing Manifesto, which was portrayed by the Regular-dominated outgoing NEC as an automatic violation of the party constitution. Consequently, Wagenknecht cleverly rented a room downstairs from the SPA's convention at Machinists' Hall in Chicago and ran a parallel convention to the official one upstairs — a gathering which was joined by a steady stream of disgruntled Left Wing delegates bolting from the official gathering. Wagenknecht presided over this alternative convention, which on August 31, 1919, declared itself to be the founding convention of the Communist Labor Party. This convention elected Wagenknecht as National Secretary of the CLP, a role which he maintained throughout the organization's brief history. The CLP was devastated by the raids of the
US Department of Justice headed by
A. Mitchell Palmer and his Special Assistant,
J. Edgar Hoover, coordinated actions which began in the fall of 1919 and reached their zenith with a mass operation conducted during the evening of Jan. 1/2, 1919. The CLP was driven underground, local organizations broken up into secret "groups" of no more than 10 members who met furtively, using
pseudonyms and attempting to avoid detection by the authorities. Wagenknecht was known variously as "Paul Holt," "A.B. Mayer," "A.B. Martin," and "U.P. Duffy" during the "underground years" of 1920–1923. In April 1920, Wagenknecht's former prisonmate turned Executive Secretary rival C. E. Ruthenberg left the
Communist Party of America (CPA) along with a number of co-thinkers and a big portion of the organization's cash. This Ruthenberg-CPA and Wagenknecht's CLP finally determined to achieve the organizational unity demanded by the
Communist International at a secret convention held at
Bridgman, Michigan, at the end of May 1920. This gathering determined to retain Wagenknecht as executive secretary of the new organization, called the United Communist Party (UCP), assigning the important role of Editor of the party's official newspaper,
The Communist, to Ruthenberg. Wagenknecht also served on the UCP's Editorial Committee and on the three-member Unity Committee which continued to negotiate a merger agreement with the remaining CPA organization, headed by
Charles Dirba. Unity with this group was finally forged at a May 1921 secret convention held at the
Overlook Mountain House hotel near
Woodstock, New York. Confusingly, this new unified organization retained the name "Communist Party of America," the same moniker shared by the Dirba majority and the Ruthenberg minority organizations. The merger of the UCP meant the end of Wagenknecht's tenure as an executive secretary. From June 1921, Wagenknecht served as the Manager of the unified CPA's "legal" weekly newspaper,
The Toiler, with Wagenknecht's brother-in-law, Elmer Allison editing the publication. In 1922, a legal "mass organization" called the
Friends of Soviet Russia was established by the unified CPA, and Wagenknecht was named by the CEC of the party to head it. He also sat on the Central Executive Committees of the (underground) unified CPA and the party's "Legal Political Party" — the
Workers Party of America (WPA) — from 1922 to 1923, when the underground party was finally dissolved. Thereafter, Wagenknecht was made the District Organizer for the tiny
Wilkes Barre district of the WPA, with this job beginning in May 1923.
Communist Party functionary In 1924, Wagenknecht worked as a "Director of Special Campaigns" for the WPA, managing the fund-raising drive for the
Daily Worker. Wagenknecht seems to have been difficult for both the Pepper-Ruthenberg-Lovestone and the Foster-Cannon-Lore factions and was shipped off to the
Philippines to organize trade unions on behalf of the
Red International of Labor Unions (RILU) late in 1924. Later, Wagenknecht turned his hand to film, producing and co-starring in the
silent film The Passaic Textile Strike, a semi-fictional account of the
1926 strike of 16,000 textile workers at
Passaic, New Jersey, initially led by Wagenknecht and other American
Marxist and Communist leaders. Wagenknecht was touted for the role of business manager of the
Daily Worker in the last years of the 1920s as the "most competent comrade for the position" by the minority faction headed by
William Z. Foster and
Alexander Bittelman. He was bypassed for the responsible position by a rapid succession of three others, however, who were selected for the post based upon their loyalty to the majority faction headed by Executive Secretary
Jay Lovestone. Wagenknecht was the executive secretary of the American section of the Comintern aid organization
Workers International Relief in 1929 — a job which in June took him to
Gastonia, North Carolina, to the scene of the acrimonious
Loray Mill Strike. Wagenknecht was attempting to reestablish a tent colony of mill strikers which had been disbursed by local authorities. Instead, on June 12, Wagenknecht was himself arrested. The group conducted a massive petitioning campaign which rapidly gathered what were claimed to be 1.4 million signatures, which Wagenknecht and a delegation of 140 presented to
Congress on February 10, 1931. In 1933, Wagenknecht served as the executive secretary of the
National Committee to Aid Victims of German Fascism, a CP-sponsored "mass organization." In the fall of that year he ran for the
New York State Assembly in District 14. Wagenknecht was the State Chairman of the Communist Party in Missouri from 1938 to 1941 and in Illinois from 1941 to 1945.
Death and legacy Wagenknecht remained a Communist Party loyalist for the rest of his days, dying on August 26, 1956 in
Illinois and honored at his passing with a full-page photograph inside the front cover of
Political Affairs, the theoretical monthly of the Communist Party USA. ==Works==