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Alice Drakoules

Alice Marie Drakoules was a British social reformer, humanitarian, and writer. Active in campaigns for animal welfare, anti-vivisection, and vegetarianism, she founded a Band of Mercy around 1887, helped to establish the Humanitarian League in 1891, and served as its honorary treasurer for nearly three decades. She also worked with the Vegetarian Society, the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, and later supported the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports.

Biography
Early life Drakoules was born Alice Marie Lambe in Brussels, Belgium, around 1850. he died in Brussels in 1851, aged 29. Drakoules spent much of her early life in Cornwall. Career Vegetarian advocacy '', 10 August 1889. According to Hilda Kean, Drakoules was a lifelong vegetarian, though James Gregory states that she first began to examine vegetarian ideas around 1884 and joined the Vegetarian Society as an associate member in 1886. Burns later credited her with inspiring his East End Food Depot and influencing his "Pure Food" campaign. The branch organised lectures by prominent speakers. In 1889, writing on the "Rights of the Non-Human Races" in ''The Women's Penny Paper'', Lewis argued that women's emancipation should be accompanied by "hostility towards deeds of violence" and by "the spread of the instinct of pity and mercy". In the same essay, she denounced meat production, animal transport, and vivisection, and wrote that "man at present has no just claim to regard himself as the worthy Head of the animal world." Drakoules was a founding member of the executive council of the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, founded by Louise Lind af Hageby in 1906. She remained involved with the organisation, supporting its campaigns for municipal slaughterhouses, humane slaughter, and the abolition of performing animals. In 1911 her home was used for a meeting to discuss the slaughter of cattle in India for food supplied to British soldiers, with Ernest Bell presiding. She was also a member of the League's diet department. In 1910 Alice Drakoules represented Greece at the third World Vegetarian Congress in Brussels, where she and her husband were commended for their work for vegetarianism and humanitarian reform in Greece and elsewhere. Personal life Marriages in 1894, Alice Drakoules's second husband and fellow humanitarian reformer On 18 April 1876, she married William Burrowes Lewis, of Weybridge, at the parish church of St Grade, Cornwall; he was the managing director of the Union Assurance Company. In 1911 Light published her husband Platon's account of a home demonstration by the American clairvoyant Bert Reese. Platon stated that the manifestations were genuine, and Alice endorsed this. Death and estate Drakoules died at her home in Regent's Park, on 15 January 1933, aged 83. She was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery on 19 January. Under the terms of her will, Drakoules left an estate valued at £16,061 (), with the residue to be distributed after the death of her second husband. Bequests were made to the London Vegetarian Society, the Manchester Vegetarian Society, the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, the National Anti-Vaccination League, the National Canine Defence League, the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals, the National Anti-Vivisection Hospital, and the Not Forgotten Association, as well as to the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association in memory of her first husband. == Legacy ==
Legacy
Memorials and tributes In 1934, Cruel Sports, the journal of the League for the Prohibition of Cruel Sports, published a tribute by Henry B. Amos. Amos described Drakoules as having spent nearly fifty years in humanitarian and animal welfare work, which she pursued almost until the end of her life. He also announced a memorial fund, supported by figures including Henry S. Salt, Louise Lind af Hageby, Charlotte Despard, and Nina Douglas-Hamilton, Duchess of Hamilton. The fund paid for a birdbath fountain with a trough for dogs near her home in Regent's Park. It was unveiled by the Duchess of Hamilton; Historical assessment James Gregory writes that Drakoules's work in the Humanitarian League, together with Henry S. Salt and Josiah Oldfield, was one reason the League included a "humane diet" among its aims. Sky Duthie places Drakoules among reform-minded women who used the League to connect suffragist, feminist, socialist, and vegetarian causes. He identifies her as a woman whose activism matched the New Woman ideal and as one of the League's organisers, noting that she helped found the League, served as treasurer, and campaigned throughout her life for vegetarianism, animal welfare, and related humanitarian reforms. In a study of the Aëthnic Union, a London-based feminist group in the early 1910s, Tallulah Maait Pepperell notes that Drakoules and her husband attended a meeting in September 1913. Pepperell links Drakoules's attendance to her shared work with Jessey Wade and Ernest Bell, and uses it as an example of the networks connecting feminism and vegetarian humanitarianism. == Publications ==
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