Amaranthus retroflexus

Amaranthus retroflexus, true to one of its common names, forms a tumbleweed. The leaves are nearly long on large individuals, the ones higher on the stem having a lance shape and those lower on the plant diamond or oval in shape. The plant is monoecious, with individuals bearing both male and female flowers. The inflorescence is a large, dense cluster of flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts. The fruit is a capsule less than long with a "lid" which opens to reveal a tiny black seed. ==Distribution and habitat==

It may be native to the Neotropics or Central and Eastern North America, but is widespread as an introduced species on most continents in a great number of habitats. One common name is "pigweed" because it grows where hogs are pasture-fed. == As a weed ==

A. retroflexus is a weed outside its native range and has developed resistance against fomesafen in Northeast China. ==Potential toxicity==

No species of genus Amaranthus is known to be poisonous to humans, but the leaves of A. retroflexus contain oxalic acid and may contain nitrates if grown in nitrate-rich soils. presumably because of its high oxalate content. Other symptoms, such as bloat or methylglobineamia in the most severe cases, might reflect its high nitrate content. == Uses ==

Culinary This plant is eaten as a vegetable in different places of the world. The water should be discarded after boiling due to the presence of oxalic acid and possibly nitrates. The young shoots and leaves can be eaten raw. A. retroflexus was used for a multitude of food and medicinal purposes by many Native American groups in the western United States. It is among the species consumed as a vegetable in Mexican markets as Quelite quintonil. It is used in the Indian state of Kerala to prepare a popular dish known as thoran by combining the finely cut leaves (cheera ) with grated coconut, chili peppers, garlic, turmeric and other ingredients. The seeds are edible raw As fodder When supplied in moderation (circumventing its toxicity to livestock), it is regarded as an exceptionally nutritious fodder. == References ==