Amdo Tibetan

Dialects are: • North Kokonor (Kangtsa, Themchen, Arik, etc.) • West Kokonor (Dulan, Na'gormo, etc.), • Southeast Kokonor (Jainca, Thrika, Hualong, etc.) • Labrang (Labrang, Luchu) • Golok (Machen, Matö, Gabde) • Ngapa (Ngapa, Dzorge, Dzamthang) • Kandze Bradley (1997) includes Thewo and Choni as close to Amdo if not actually Amdo dialects. Mabzhi is a dialect belonging to the Kokonor group of Amdo Tibetan (Tsering Samdrup and Suzuki 2017). mDungnag, a divergent Tibetan language spoken in Gansu, is not mutually intelligible with any of the Amdo dialects. Hua (2001) contains word lists of the Xiahe County 夏河, Tongren County 同仁, Xunhua County 循化, Hualong County 化隆, Hongyuan County 红原, and Tianjun County 天峻 dialects of Amdo Tibetan in Gansu and Qinghai provinces. ==Phonology==

Consonants • Retroflex stop sounds may also be pronounced as affricate sounds in free variation. • Voiced consonants are often heard as pre-breathy-voiced (i.e. ) among different dialects. • , typically written phonemically as , can be heard as an alveolar flap in word-medial positions. • may also be heard as a palatal in free variation. • Labio-dental fricatives and may also occur in words of foreign origin. Vowels • Amdo Tibetan typically has a four-vowel system as , as all close vowels have merged to one vowel . However, when there is a consonant sound within the coda position, the pronunciation of is changed, thus realizing one of the three close sounds , depending on the consonant in place. • may typically be heard as more fronted before a mid vowel , and may also be realized as an open-mid in some environments. ==Media==

;Inside China • The Qinghai Tibetan Radio () station broadcasts in Amdolese Tibetan on FM 99.7. ;Diaspora • Radio Free Asia broadcasts in three Tibetan languages: Standard Tibetan, Khams language and Amdolese language. ==See also==