Amiot 120

The aircraft was designed from the onset to be operated a medium-sized single-engine biplane bomber; while otherwise conforming to the prevailing conventions of the era, it made use of metal construction. To support the aircraft's development, a three year period of in-depth studies into metal construction was conducted along with two years of practical testing; the results were overseen by numerous French official committees. These practical tests led to various refinements and alterations being made to the aircraft's design. The first of the series was Amiot 120 BN2, a twin-seat prototype bomber, which was powered with a Renault 12Ma 580 hp inline engine (registration F-AHCR). It was not ordered by the French Air Force and only one example was built. More successful was the next slightly enlarged variant, the Amiot 122, of 1927, powered by a single Lorraine 18 Kd engine. While the initial production variant was the Amiot 122 BP2 twin-seat bomber (registration F-AIUQ), quantity production did not truly proceed until the arrival of the Amiot 122 BP3, a three-seat bomber. A total of 80 aircraft were built for the French Air Force and five for Brazil. Further variants were developed. The Amiot 123 had been designed as a bomber, designated the Amiot 123 BP3 (one was built) but the French Air Force showed no interest in it. At that time, Polish authorities were looking for a long-distance record aircraft for transatlantic flights. In 1928 and 1929, two modified Amiot 123s were built as a long-distance variant, being equipped with enlarged fuel tanks (first had Lorraine 18 Kdrs 710 hp engine, the second Lorraine 18 Kdrs 785 hp engine). The last two variants, the Amiot 124 BP3 and Amiot 125 BP3 were bomber prototypes in 1931, fitted with Hispano-Suiza 18Sbr 1000 hp and Renault 18Jbr 700 hp engines respectively, but not ordered by the French Air Force. Some sources claim, that Amiot 121 with a Lorraine 18 Kd 650 hp engine and Amiot 126 prototypes with a Lorraine 18 Gad 700 hp engine were also built. ==Design==

The Amiot 120 was a family of single-engine biplane bomber aircraft. In terms of its configuration, it was a largely conventional aircraft, although its construction made use of a relatively high level of metal amongst its contemporaries. A crew of three (typically comprising a pilot, gunner, and bombardier) were seated in tandem in open cockpits. The bombardier was seated within the same bay at the gunner, the former being directly behind the latter in a lower position that protected their position from the wind so they could better operate the various sighting instruments. In addition to a bombsight and a drift meter, a 3.6 meter trap door was provided so that the bombardier had a generous forward-facing field of view. The bombardier was able to directly control the aircraft's direction for aiming purposes via an auxiliary rudder bar, although the pilot's control authority remained active at all times. It was typically powered by a single engine, usually a Lorraine-Dietrich 18Kd, capable of providing up to 650 hp. However, the aircraft had been designed to be furnished with virtually any engine in the 650-1000 hp range, including both French-built engines by Farman and Renault as well as foreign engines from Rolls-Royce, Fiat, and BMW. Somewhat unusually, the engine could be accessed mid-flight via a door in the firewall; this arrangement permitted a general inspection of the engine, including the various pipes carrying water, fuel, and oil, as well as slight repairs such as plugging in a spark plug. The Amiot 120 was a fairly manoeuvrable aircraft for a bomber, being relatively rapid and precise while also reportedly easy to manage across all altitudes. When equipped with supplementary fuel tanks, for which the aircraft had been designed from the onset to be attached when applicable, the aircraft could perform bombardments while carrying 590 kg (1,300 lb.) of bombs at a maximum distance of roughly 1,700 km (1,056 miles). ==Operational history==

The Amiot 122 was first used as a long-distance sports aircraft. From 13 September 1927, the prototype carried out a 10,800 km tour around the Mediterranean Sea, from Paris, through Vienna, Beirut, Cairo, Benghazi, Tunis, Casablanca to Paris. From 3–5 April 1928, Lieutenant Girardot flew it across the Sahara, on the Paris-Timbuktu-Dakar-Paris 10,100 km route. A total of 80 Amiot 122 BP3s were used by the French Air Force as reconnaissance bombers, starting in 1930. They were used in the 11th Aviation Regiment, based in Metz. They were nicknamed by pilots La Grosse Julie (Big Julie). During 1931, Brazil ordered five aircraft (four, according to Brazilian publications). One aircraft was used on the government side during a coup d'etat in July 1932. They were lasted recorded as being used during 1936. Transatlantic flights Paul Teste was killed in an Amiot 120 on 13 June 1925 as he was training for a transatlantic flight. The first Amiot 123 was bought by the Polish Air Force in order for a first westbound transatlantic flight (in some sources, it is designated Amiot 123.01). It was named Marszałek Piłsudski (Marshal Józef Piłsudski). The crew were pilot Ludwik Idzikowski and navigator Kazimierz Kubala. They commenced their first trial of a transatlantic flight on 3 August 1928, taking off at 4:45 a.m. from Paris Le Bourget airfield. However, after flying some 3,200 km away, above the ocean, they noticed that the engine's oil level was lowering, which was caused by a cracked oil tank. They decided to return to Europe, since it was more than a halfway to America, against the wind. After 31 hours of flight, when the oil in engine had depleted, Idzikowski decided to land on water, by the German merchant ship Samos, about 70 km away from the Spanish coast. The sailors rescued the crew and pulled the aircraft out of the water, but it was damaged. Idzikowski and Kubala repeated this trial the next year. The second Amiot 123 was bought, initially built for the French pilot (according to some sources, it was still the first aircraft). It was named Orzeł Biały (the White Eagle, although according to some sources, it was still Marszałek Piłsudski). They took off on 13 July 1929, at 3:45 a.m. from Le Bourget. After flying 2,140 km, over the ocean, about 5 p.m., the engine started to lose power, becoming noisy. They decided to land on Faial Island of the Azores. However, because of more irregular engine work, at 9 p.m. (7 p.m. local time), Idzikowski decided to make an emergency landing on a closer rocky island Graciosa. During the landing on a field, the aircraft hit a low stone wall and overturned wheels up. In the crash, Ludwik Idzikowski was killed, while Kazimierz Kubala was lightly injured. During a rescue action, the aircraft burned. ==Variants==

;Amiot 120BN2 : Two-seat light bomber prototype. ;Amiot 121 : Record breaking aircraft. ;Amiot 122BP3 : Three-seat medium-bomber aircraft. ;Amiot 122S : Two-seat record breaking aircraft. ;Amiot 123 : Two-seat long-range record aircraft. ;Amiot 124BP3 : Bomber prototype. ;Amiot 125BP3 : Bomber prototype. ==Operators==

; : Brazilian Air Force - five bombers ; : French Air Force - 80 bombers ; : Polish Air Force - two sports aircraft ==Specifications (Amiot 122BP3)==