Analytical hierarchy

The notation \Sigma^1_0 = \Pi^1_0 = \Delta^1_0 indicates the class of formulas in the language of second-order arithmetic with number quantifiers but no set quantifiers. This language does not contain set parameters. The Greek letters here are lightface symbols, indicating the language choice. Each corresponding boldface symbol denotes the corresponding class of formulas in the extended language with a parameter for each real; see projective hierarchy for details. A formula in the language of second-order arithmetic is defined to be \Sigma^1_{n+1} if it is logically equivalent to a formula of the form \exists X_1\cdots \exists X_k \psi where \psi is \Pi^1_{n}. A formula is defined to be \Pi^1_{n+1} if it is logically equivalent to a formula of the form \forall X_1\cdots \forall X_k \psi where \psi is \Sigma^1_{n}. This inductive definition defines the classes \Sigma^1_n and \Pi^1_n for every natural number n. Kuratowski and Tarski showed in 1931 that every formula in the language of second-order arithmetic has a prenex normal form, and therefore is \Sigma^1_n or \Pi^1_n for some n. Because meaningless quantifiers can be added to any formula, once a formula is given the classification \Sigma^1_n or \Pi^1_n for some n it will be given the classifications \Sigma^1_m and \Pi^1_m for all m greater than n. == The analytical hierarchy of sets of natural numbers ==

A set of natural numbers is assigned the classification \Sigma^1_n if it is definable by a \Sigma^1_n formula (with one free number variable and no free set variables). The set is assigned the classification \Pi^1_n if it is definable by a \Pi^1_n formula. If the set is both \Sigma^1_n and \Pi^1_n then it is given the additional classification \Delta^1_n. The \Delta^1_1 sets are called hyperarithmetical. An alternate classification of these sets by way of iterated computable functionals is provided by the hyperarithmetical theory. == The analytical hierarchy on subsets of Cantor and Baire space ==

The analytical hierarchy can be defined on any effective Polish space; the definition is particularly simple for Cantor and Baire space because they fit with the language of ordinary second-order arithmetic. Cantor space is the set of all infinite sequences of 0s and 1s; Baire space is the set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers. These are both Polish spaces. The ordinary axiomatization of second-order arithmetic uses a set-based language in which the set quantifiers can naturally be viewed as quantifying over Cantor space. A subset of Cantor space is assigned the classification \Sigma^1_n if it is definable by a \Sigma^1_n formula (with one free set variable and no free number variables). The set is assigned the classification \Pi^1_n if it is definable by a \Pi^1_n formula. If the set is both \Sigma^1_n and \Pi^1_n then it is given the additional classification \Delta^1_n. A subset of Baire space has a corresponding subset of Cantor space under the map that takes each function from \omega to \omega to the characteristic function of its graph. A subset of Baire space is given the classification \Sigma^1_n, \Pi^1_n, or \Delta^1_n if and only if the corresponding subset of Cantor space has the same classification. An equivalent definition of the analytical hierarchy on Baire space is given by defining the analytical hierarchy of formulas using a functional version of second-order arithmetic; then the analytical hierarchy on subsets of Cantor space can be defined from the hierarchy on Baire space. This alternate definition gives exactly the same classifications as the first definition. Because Cantor space is homeomorphic to any finite Cartesian power of itself, and Baire space is homeomorphic to any finite Cartesian power of itself, the analytical hierarchy applies equally well to finite Cartesian powers of one of these spaces. A similar extension is possible for countable powers and to products of powers of Cantor space and powers of Baire space. == Extensions ==

As is the case with the arithmetical hierarchy, a relativized version of the analytical hierarchy can be defined. The language is extended to add a constant set symbol A. A formula in the extended language is inductively defined to be \Sigma^{1,A}_n or \Pi^{1,A}_n using the same inductive definition as above. Given a set Y, a set is defined to be \Sigma^{1,Y}_n if it is definable by a \Sigma^{1,A}_n formula in which the symbol A is interpreted as Y; similar definitions for \Pi^{1,Y}_n and \Delta^{1,Y}_n apply. The sets that are \Sigma^{1,Y}_n or \Pi^{1,Y}_n, for any parameter Y, are classified in the projective hierarchy, and often denoted by boldface Greek letters to indicate the use of parameters. == Examples ==

• For a relation \prec on \mathbb N^2, the statement "\prec is a well-order on \mathbb N" is \Pi_1^1. (Not to be confused with the general case for well-founded relations on sets, see Lévy hierarchy) • The set of all natural numbers that are indices of computable ordinals is a \Pi^1_1 set that is not \Sigma^1_1. • These sets are exactly the \omega_1^{CK}-recursively-enumerable subsets of \omega. [Bar75, p. 168] • A function f:\mathbb N\to\mathbb N is definable by Herbrand's 1931 formalism of systems of equations if and only if f is hyperarithmetical. • The set of continuous functions f:[0,1]\to\mathbb [0,1] that have the mean value property is no lower than \Delta_2^1 on the hierarchy. • The set of elements of Cantor space that are the characteristic functions of well orderings of \omega is a \Pi^1_1 set that is not \Sigma^1_1. In fact, this set is not \Sigma^{1,Y}_1 for any element Y of Baire space. • If the axiom of constructibility holds then there is a subset of the product of the Baire space with itself that is \Delta^1_2 and is the graph of a well ordering of Baire space. If the axiom holds then there is also a \Delta^1_2 well ordering of Cantor space. == Properties ==

For each n we have the following strict containments: :\Pi^1_n \subset \Sigma^1_{n+1}, :\Pi^1_n \subset \Pi^1_{n+1}, :\Sigma^1_n \subset \Pi^1_{n+1}, :\Sigma^1_n \subset \Sigma^1_{n+1}. A set that is in \Sigma^1_n for some n is said to be analytical. Care is required to distinguish this usage from the term analytic set, which has a different meaning, namely \boldsymbol\Sigma_1^1. ==Table==