Marie-Angélique Anel Le Rebours

Marie-Angélique Anel was born at as the daughter of the distinguished French surgeon and military doctor, Dominique Anel, (1731- 1776) who was controller general of the French postal system, she became known as Marie-Angélique Anel Le Rebours. She had at least three children and breastfed two of them, judging from one of her letters to Jean-Jacques Rousseau. She wrote as Enlightenment philosophers were beginning to look favorably upon breastfeeding as a route to collective moral regeneration and human proximity to nature. Her book responded to social fears about depopulation in a period when infant mortality rates were high, when women of all social classes hired wet-nurses, and when two-thirds to ninety percent of wet-nursed babies reportedly died relative to an estimated ten to twenty-five percent of babies fed by their mothers. == Issue ==

Anel Le Rebours had children. Her son, Pierre-Rene Lerebours (b. 1754) married Francoise-Melanie Gauffre, he countersigned death sentences in his capacity as member of the Committee of Public Safety. Her son, Victor Lerebours, became an actor under the tutelage of François-Joseph Talma. == Manual on breastfeeding: editions, translations, and authorship ==

In 1767, writing anonymously as "Madame L.", Marie-Angélique Anel Le Rebours published Avis aux mères qui veulent nourrir leurs enfants ''avec des observations sur les dangers auxquels les mères s'exposent ainsi que leurs enfans, en ne les nourissant'' ("Advice to mothers who wish to nurse their infants with observations on the dangers to which mothers expose themselves and their infants if they do not nurse"). After the French Revolution, Anel Le Rebours continued to publish anonymously, but as "La Citoyenne L.R." (Citizen L.R.), with this name reflecting the more ideologically egalitarian tone of the 1790s. The book was first published in the Netherlands, specifically Utrecht, and in Paris. It appeared in multiple French editions during her lifetime as well as in Dutch, German, and Danish translations. The Dutch edition, which was published in Amsterdam in 1801 by Hugh Smith (c. 1736-1789), an English graduate of the medical school in Leiden, bore a title that signaled its emphasis on the well-being of children, by describing itself as a book dedicated to "teaching in a clear and simple manner what one must do to prepare the constitution of young children for a healthy, long, and happy life". The book grew with each revision. The first edition was 88 pages, while the third edition was 242. The popularity of Rousseau’s books Emile and Julie; or, The New Heloise helped to start a fad for breastfeeding that Anel Le Rebours’s book tapped into and expanded. == Advice on lactation and neo-natal care ==

Anel Le Rebours advised women to introduce babies to their breasts within twelve hours of births, instead of waiting for several days, which was what many male experts advised at the time. For women, starting early could prevent painful engorgement of the breasts and mastitis. This advice reflected her book’s focus on the health of both mothers and infants. She took an encouraging tone by writing that, "It is natural to nurse, and if one knows how to do it well, one will easily succeed". Her book’s focus on practical advice placed it in what literary scholars would now call the self-help genre. "If you follow my advice exactly," she repeated elsewhere in the book, "you will be certain of success". Many praised her work, including the French toxicologist Henri-François Gaultier de Claubry and the memoirist Madame Roland, who at the time was imprisoned and who was later executed by guillotine during the French Revolution. In a period when infant mortality rates were high, her book addressed anxieties, prevalent in late eighteenth-century France, about population decline. Her reassuring tone and upbeat, can-do attitude contributed to her book’s popularity. == Legacy and impact ==

Although Anel Le Rebours practiced as a midwife, she did not receive formal medical training, which was closed to women at the time. In the early 19th century, male medical doctors discredited or displaced her work while emphasizing their own higher scientific credentials. A key figure exemplifying this shift was the French doctor and bacteriologist Alfred Donné (1801-1878), who contributed to the "medicalization of childcare" in his 1842 book, Conseils aux mères sur l’allaitement et sur la manière d’éléver les enfans nouveau-nés (translated into English in 1859 as Mothers and Infants, Nurses and Nursing) which appeared in multiple editions and translations in the years before 1905. Donné based his research on the microscopic study and analysis of human milk. Among other things, and in a break from Le Rebours, Donné argued for more regimentation by feeding babies on fixed schedules. Feminist scholars have suggested that Anel Le Rebours projected a vision of female autonomy in some respects but contributed to the cult of domesticity in other ways, by encouraging practices that confined women to households, made income-generating work outside the home more difficult, treated breastfeeding as a social and cultural duty, and left women feel guilty for not doing it. Scholars have described her as a precursor to Cora Millet-Robinet, author of the 1841 book entitled, Conseils aux jeunes femmes sur leur condition et leurs devoirs de mère, pendant l’allaitement, and her manual as a precursor to La Leche League International's The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding, published in 1963. ==References==