Antelope jackrabbit

Taxonomy and etymology The antelope jackrabbit was first described in 1890 by American naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns, who named it "Allen's hare" (Lepus alleni) after Joel Asaph Allen, curator of mammals and birds at the American Museum of Natural History and the originator of Allen's rule. Evolutionary history and phylogeny Fossil evidence places the genus Lepus as having first appeared in North America approximately . A now extinct jackrabbit species, Lepus giganteus, was thought to exist in North America during this time. This species shared similar physical traits with the antelope jackrabbit, making it difficult to differentiate fossils of the two species. In a 2014 study, researchers hypothesized that L. giganteus served as a common ancestor to the antelope jackrabbit and black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus). }} Subspecies The antelope jackrabbit has three recognized subspecies: == Distribution and habitat ==

seen together In the United States, the antelope jackrabbit is found in parts of Arizona and the states of Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora in northwestern Mexico. It is also found on Tiburón Island in the Gulf of California, Compared to the other hare species present in North America, the antelope jackrabbit's range is limited. This species does not inhabit areas further east than the sky islands in Arizona and the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. It also does not radiate west of Florence, Arizona. As of July 2017 it had been spotted and photographed by a National Park Ranger in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in Nevada. The antelope jackrabbit is found in a variety of tropic and subtropic habitats. It can be found in grassy hills or plains, preferring habitats with large, desert shrubs above long grass. This species can also be found in more barren desert habitats. A 2014 study focusing on ecology indicated that the ideal habitat for an antelope jackrabbit includes grassy ground cover and a mesquite overstory. This species does not prefer an arid climate; instead, antelope jackrabbits live in areas with summer precipitation amounts ranging from 90 mm to 360 mm. Unlike the black-tailed jackrabbit which survives in less humid conditions, the antelope jackrabbit inhabits locations with higher humidity. == Description ==

The antelope jackrabbit is a large hare, Male and female antelope jackrabbits are identical in appearance. This species is large in size with long, pointed ears and a distinct coat coloration. The antelope jackrabbit has a white belly, light grey sides, a back peppered with black, and orange coloration on the neck and chest. It is similar to species like the black-tailed jackrabbit and white-sided jackrabbit. Its body length ranges from long and its tail can be long. Its front legs grow to be and the back legs can grow to be long. The antelope jackrabbit's ears grow to be and it can weigh up to . having an estimated top speed of . The European hare (L. europaeus) is reported to have a similar top speed. ==Behaviour and ecology==

It is most active during twilight (crepuscular) and during the night (nocturnal), but can be active during the day when conditions are favorable (heavy cloud coverage). Diet The antelope jackrabbit feeds on cacti, grasses, mesquite leaves and other leafy vegetation. This species has been observed digging and eating soil in an attempt to intake minerals and other nutrients. They can be classified as folivores and graminivores. The leverets reach sexual maturity at roughly 6 months of age. == Threats and conservation ==

Known predators of the antelope jackrabbit include bobcats, coyotes, and golden eagles. Since antelope jackrabbits attract predators that are also a threat to livestock, they are hunted by humans to reduce potential problems. This species is also hunted for human consumption or for their valuable pelt. The jackrabbits themselves were once so abundant as to be considered an agricultural pest on their own, but a 2018 account remarks that this has since become a rare occurrence. Live jackrabbits were historically used to train racing greyhounds. Habitat loss also poses a threat to antelope jackrabbits, as agricultural expansion is interfering with their habitats. Grazing livestock reduce the abundance of grasses and herbaceous plants in areas where antelope jackrabbits reside. As they naturally avoid wide open spaces, the expansion of croplands and pastures has the potential to eliminate populations of antelope jackrabbits. Disease, vehicle collisions, cold weather and predators all pose direct threats to the species. Antelope jackrabbits have few legal protections, being classified only as "wildlife" in both Arizona and Mexico. However, the subspecies L. a. tiburonensis has a particularly small population, estimated at only 4,300 individuals across a habitable area of , and is isolated on the protected area of Tiburón Island. This subspecies is continually monitored and protected by the Mexican government. On a whole, the antelope jackrabbit is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a least-concern species. Research on the jackrabbit's population dynamics and the relationships between it and the black-tailed jackrabbit has been recommended. ==See also==