Most plant anthocyanins are based on cyanidin (30%), delphinidin (22%), and pelargonidin (18%), respectively. Altogether 20% of the anthocyanins are based on the three common anthocyanidins (peonidin, malvidin, and petunidin) that are methylated. Around 3%, 3%, and 2% of the anthocyanins or anthocyanidins are respectively labeled as 3-desoxyanthocyanidins, rare methylated anthocyanidins, and 6-hydroxyanthocyanidins, respectively. In bryophytes, anthocyanins are usually based on 3-desoxyanthocyanidins located in the cell wall. A new anthocyanidin, riccionidin A, has been isolated from the liverwort
Ricciocarpos natans. It could be derived from 6,7,2′,4′,6′-pentahydroxyflavylium, having undergone ring closure of the 6’ -hydroxyl at the 3-position. Its visible spectrum in
methanolic HCl is at 494 nm. This pigment was accompanied by riccionidin B, which most probably is based on two molecules of riccionidin A linked via the 3′- or 5′-positions. Both pigments were also detected in the liverworts
Marchantia polymorpha,
Riccia duplex, and
Scapania undulata. == Effect of pH ==