The Apocalypse of Samuel of Kalamoun is a Coptic text ascribed to the Coptic saint Samuel the Confessor, also known as Samuel of Kalamoun, who lived in the seventh century. It contains the strongest denunciation of the language shift in the Middle Ages of Egypt, in which the country's Coptic language was slowly replaced by Arabic. It records that the Christians in Egypt were becoming increasingly Arabized in culture and customs. Actual conversion to Islam does not seem to be a concern for the author. In reality, the arabization of Lower Egypt preceded that of Middle and Upper Egypt, as suggested by Ibn Hawqal in the late 10th century.