Aqua Appia

The length of the original aqueduct was 11,190 paces -- , with most, 11,130 paces, underground. A secondary branch added by Augustus in 33 BC was 6,380 paces -- long. The original branch probably followed Via Collatina, a highway nearby. The route of the later branch up to Porta Maggiore is not known. The original branch of probably had as its source a group of springs in a stretch of marshland collecting water from the slopes of Alban Hills, situated in Lucullus' estate 780 paces ( from Via Praenestina. The secondary branch had its source near Via Praenestina as well, but the exact location of the source has not been identified. From the junction of two branches the aqueduct ran through the Caelian Hill to the slopes of the eastern summit on Aventine Hill before crossing through the greater Aventine on the northwest, ending near Porta Trigemina at the bottom of -- a place known as . It dropped only over its entire length, making it a remarkable engineering achievement for its day. The aqueduct served the private Baths of Decius and Baths of Licinius Sura on the Aventine. The level of the channel was too low to be able to provide water to the hills. ==Historical context==

The was constructed during the Second Samnite War. The main source of information about the aqueduct is Frontinus' , written during the latter half of the 1st century AD. In the 4th century BC the Etruscans had built underground drainage channels, , carved in soft tufa rock. These constructions were especially common around Veii, Ardea, and Velletri, all near Rome. Though there is no direct evidence, it is probable that the influenced Roman aqueduct construction. == Construction ==

Only the three fairly short stretches of the channel of have been found this far. A part of conduit found in ca. 1675 in the quarries under the Aventine Hill is cut in the tufa stone of the hill, and lined with rough-cut stone. This part of the aqueduct differs from other Roman aqueducts for its first : The corridor is in both height and width. Another stretch of the aqueduct was discovered in 1867 slightly further west from the stretch found in ca. 1675; this part of the aqueduct too is cut in tufa stone, being the standard in height and in width. The roof was ridged by the joining of two slabs of cappellaccio to form a gable. This is a similar construction found in the Anio Vetus aqueduct which could be evidence of renovations made in 144 BC. As with most aqueducts, the conduit was big enough to allow maintenance crews to walk inside to clean out any debris or make any repairs. Also, it is most likely that there were shafts with footholes within the countryside giving access. Regular cleaning up of debris was necessary since, as Frontinus' records indicate, there was no settling tank in the route of the . == Renovations and expansion ==

In 144 BC Quintus Marcius Rex restored the older aqueduct of ; however, it's not known how extensive the repairs were. After Marcius' repairs the aqueduct received no attention for over a century, but in 33 BC restoration works attributed to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa took place . However, the aqueduct required repairs again in a few years, and renovations were made between 11 and 4 BC, managed this time by Augustus who also added a secondary branch known as or . This secondary branch had its source near the route of the original conduit of , but despite this, the ran on an independent channel of 6,380 paces up to Porta Maggiore where it joined . == See also ==

• Coarelli, Filippo. Rome and environs: an archaeological guide. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. • . The aqueducts of Rome The Water Supply of Ancient Rome. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 2001. • N.p., n.d. Web. 13 June 2014. • Winslow, E. M.. A libation to the gods; the story of the Roman aqueducts. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1963. == External links ==