Arbia's law of geography

Since Tobler first invoked the first law of geography in his 1970s paper, there have been many attempts at a second law, including Tobler's second law of geography, and Arbia's law is one such contender. Arbia's law builds on Tobler's first law of geography which states, "Everything is related to everything else, but near things tend to be more related than distant." While Tobler's first law relates to spatial autocorrelation and distance decay, Arbia's law relates to the modifiable areal unit problem, or MAUP and scale dependence of correlation. Arbia's law was first invoked in a paper published by Giuseppe Arbia, R. Benedetti, and G. Espa titled "Effects of the MAUP on image classification," where it was presented as the second law of geography. ==Foundation==

In spatial analysis with geographic information systems, both raster and vector data are used. Importantly, when working with spatially aggregate data (either in vector or raster) at a coarse resolution, it is impossible to make assumptions about what that data looks like at a finer resolution. Doing so would commit the ecological fallacy. Aggregating data spatially has a statistical smoothing effect due to the scale effect. Raster Arbia's law was first invoked when working with raster datasets. Spatial resolution in remote sensing is related to the smallest pixel size within an image, and one value is returned for the area within a pixel. The coarser the image resolution (the larger the pixel) in a remotely sensed image, the larger the area that will be represented with the same value. Thus, a coarse resolution has a soothing effect on the image, making land cover appear more homogenous than an image with a fine spatial resolution. Vector When working with vector datasets, the same effect is present as in Raster. With Vector datasets in GIS, it is often necessary to aggregate data into discreet spatial enumeration units (often referred to as aerial units), such as county boundaries or national borders. The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, or MAUP, arises from the countless possible ways to divide up the same area of land. The same area may not appear very homogenous when the aerial units are smaller. == Controversy==

In general, the validity of scientific laws in geography and the social sciences has been disputed by some scholars. These criticisms have been addressed by Tobler and others. However, this is an ongoing source of debate in geography and is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. ==Other Proposed Second Laws of Geography ==

Some have argued that geographic laws do not need to be numbered. However, the existence of a first invites the creation of a second. In addition to Arbia, several scholars have proposed candidates for a second. • Tobler's second law of geography, "the phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside," is probably the most widely accepted. • Tim Foresman and Ruth Luscombe's Second law of geography: "Things that know where they are can act on their locational knowledge. Spatially enabled things have increased financial and functional utility." • the uncertainty principle: "that the geographic world is infinitely complex and that any representation must therefore contain elements of uncertainty, that many definitions used in acquiring geographic data contain elements of vagueness, and that it is impossible to measure location on the Earth's surface exactly." • It has been proposed that Tobler's first law of geography should be moved to the second and replaced with another. ==See also==