Rivalry

and Latin rivalis, and the French rivus, meaning a person who drinks from or utilizes the same brook or stream as another. The word likely entered the English language around 1577, and appeared in the writings of William Shakespeare as early as 1623, in Two Gentlemen of Verona. In his 1902 Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, James Mark Baldwin defined three main types of rivalry: • biological rivalry, • personal or conscious rivalry, • commercial and industrial rivalry Alternatively, Kilduff and colleagues in their 2010 review, instead divided among three types of competition (individual, group, and organization), and distinguished rivalry specifically as a "subjective competitive relationship" which necessarily entails "increased psychological involvement and perceived stakes". More modern research has also identified similarity, proximity, and history of competition as necessary antecedents for the establishment of a rivalry, while others have suggested that incivility may reduce the need for a history of competition to solidify the rival relationship. In fiction, it is common for a recurring heroic character to have an archrival or archenemy to serve as a foil to the hero. However, an archrival may also be distinguished from a nemesis, with the latter being an enemy whom the hero cannot defeat (or who defeats the hero), even while not being a longstanding or consistent enemy to the hero. ==Friendly rivalries==

A rivalry in which competitors remain at odds over specific issues or outcomes, but otherwise maintain civil relations, can be called a friendly rivalry. Institutions such as universities often maintain friendly rivalries, with the idea that "[a] friendly rivalry encourages an institution to bring to the fore the very best it has to offer, knowing that if it is deficient, others will supersede it". In some instances, institutions such as corporations, sports leagues, or military units, may encourage friendly rivalries between subsets within that institution. For example, in the 1870s, the British Army held a sports competition in which individual military units selected members to compete against those selected by other units, for the purpose of engendering friendly rivalries between the units to promote internal cohesion. The term also applies to the rivalries between a country's intelligence services (e.g. CIA and FBI in the United States), or between the police and fire services of a city, such as the NYPD and FDNY. ==Rivalry in specific fields==

Interpersonal relationships A variety of rivalries occur in interpersonal relationships. Sibling rivalry is a type of competition or animosity among siblings, whether blood related or not. Siblings generally spend more time together during childhood than they do with parents. The sibling bond is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order, personality, and people and experiences outside the family. Sibling rivalry is particularly intense when children are very close in age and/or of the same gender and/or where one or both children are intellectually gifted. According to a review by Macionis, older siblings tend to report rivalry peaking in childhood, while younger siblings report a peak later during early adolescence. Rivalries also occur between people who have competing romantic interests in the same potential romantic partner: People employ a number of mechanisms to counter romantic rivals, such as discrediting the characteristics of the rival that the romantic partner might seek in a long-term relationship. and Neville Chamberlain were political rivals for the leadership of the UK for much of the 1930s as the Second World War loomed. Economics and politics In economics, both goods and producers of goods are said to be rivals. A good is said to be rivalrous if its consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers. Companies that compete to sell the same goods can become rivals as each seeks to convince consumers to purchase its products, to the exclusion of the products of its rival: is one of the oldest and bitterest in the history of English football. Rivalries between nations can induce them to compete "over naval armaments, foreign aid, cultural influence, and athletic events", the rivalry in each case occurring within the context of the competitors having "labeled one or more of their adversaries as worthy of particular concern and attention". It has been noted that "while all great powers, almost by definition, are competitors, only some brand each other as rivals", with rivals being "competitors who have been singled out for special attention in some way": == International rivalry ==

When two or more nations compete against one another, they may engage in a war that lasts for several years or even decades. Multiple factors can lead to rivalries, such as territorial disputes, historical grudges that have shaped the relationship between the two countries, rival ideologies, or economic competition. Depending on the topic of the conflict, there may be military action, illicit activity, or even deception efforts. Rivalries can have detrimental social, political, and economic effects for the nations that are involved. Particularly, a trade conflict may have a negative effect on the economies of the state. The international system may become unstable as a result, for example, if additional states join the fight. Rivalries can sometimes be settled through negotiation under many guises, helping to better mold the international framework and international relationships while preventing the need of the military for conflict. In, international relations, interstate rivalry is a competitive relationship in which states are involved in conflicts such as militarized or diplomatic disputes due to unresolved issues, creating different types such as historical, territorial, trade, and technological, strategic, or security. Historical conflicts and relationship will shape the behavior or the states decisions for the future, which can make leaders perceive actions as threats, or even create alliances that are also in agreement against the opposing state. Rivalry mainly occurs with states that are persistent and the feud relationship has to occur for a decade to be considered a rivalry, or to go to war, and have several conflicts throughout the years. Territorial disputes, being the most obvious type of rivalry, is when neighboring states creates militarized disputes and conflicts to control another state's border or land. Historical rivalry, is many significant events that cause the two or more states to oppose or see the other as an enemy, over time as many conflicts, and disputes arise it will cause a rivalry make the two states always loathe the state. There is trade rivalry that occurs when the two state's tensions are rising, so to take action the leaders will increase the price of costs to make the other state suffer as punishment. There are different stages within a rivalry, the act the commence the negative or opposing relationship between the states, over time with different conflicts and disputes escalating the relationship, the states enact in a military dispute, and it de-escalating it and the tensions calms down. Shocks or regime transitions also terminates a rivalry between states, but it highly relies on the leaders creating alliances, agreements or treaties, and bargaining. Rivalry in the world today is created based on history of international relationships and countries perceive it as a strategic process. Sports Sports rivalries are often closely connected with the ritualism associated with sports. Ritualism is "a series of ... iterated acts or performances that are ... famous in terms 'not entirely encoded by the performer'; that is, they are imbued by meanings external to the performer". Everyone who is part of a sports event in some capacity becomes a part of the ritualism associated with sports. Teams get together before the game to warm-up, coaches shake hands with each other, captains have a determiner of who gets the ball first, everyone stands during the national anthem, the fans sit in specific areas, make certain gestures with their hands throughout the game, wearing specific gear that is associated with the team, and have the same post-game practices, every game of every season of every year. It is through this consistency of playing the same teams yearly that "these rivalries have shown remarkable staying power". A sports writer codified the essentials of a sports rivalry in the United States. To be termed a rivalry, the competition requires • True hatred on both sides; not just an inferiority complex from one group of supporters. • Proximity – the closer, the better. • Each team needs to have a winning season. Otherwise the team with the most wins can't take the other team seriously. • A "history." Short term rivalries seem irrelevant. • Not essential, but important for the "hate" factor is national significance (for college teams). Otherwise, no one else may care. ==Effects==

Rivalries may increase motivation, lead to greater effort, and better performance. They may also contribute to greater risk taking behavior among participants, and increase a propensity for unethical behavior. At the extreme, competition between rivals "possesses some likelihood of escalation to physical damage". ==See also==