Australia In Australia, the
Doctor of Creative Arts degree is offered at several universities as a terminal degree in the field.
Europe In 2016,
ELIA (European League of Institute of the Arts) launched
The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles, relating to the Salzburg Principles and the Salzburg Recommendations of the
EUA (European University Association), define the differences between a Doctorate in the Arts compared to a scientific doctorate or Ph.D. degree. The Florence Principles have been endorsed by the
European Association of Conservatoires,
CILECT, the
Cumulus Association, and the
Society for Artistic Research. In Italy, a PhD in Artistic Practice can be obtained at the
Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome. In the Netherlands, it can be pursued at the
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague. In France, the
École nationale supérieure d'arts de Paris-Cergy offers a practice-led doctorate. In Belgium,
KU Leuven offers a PhD in Research at the School of Arts (LUCA). Additionally,
Leiden University provides a programme in this field. In Cyprus,
Frederick University offers a PhD in Art and Design Practices. In the Czech Republic, the
Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague provides a PhD in Visual Arts.
English-speaking Europe In London,
Goldsmiths, University of London, the
Slade School of Fine Art, and the
Royal College of Art offer PhD programmes in Artistic Practice. Outside London, the
Edinburgh College of Art, the
University of Plymouth, the
University of Leeds, the
University of Manchester,
Newcastle University, the
University of Wolverhampton, the
University of Reading, and the
University of Brighton offer PhD programmes in Artistic Practice. The DPhil in Fine Art at the
University of Oxford supports research in contemporary art-making (through the practice-led DPhil) as well as contemporary art history and theory. In Ireland, the
University of Limerick offers a four-year structured PhD programme designed for professional performing artists wishing to engage in academic research. The
Burren College of Art offers a PhD in Studio Art, while the
National College of Art & Design in Dublin provides a practice-based PhD. In Northern Ireland,
Ulster University in Belfast offers practice- and research-based Art and Design programmes.
German-speaking Europe In Germany, a PhD in Artistic Practice can be obtained at the
University of Fine Arts of Hamburg and the
University of the Arts Bremen. The
Bauhaus University, Weimar offers a four-year programme culminating in a PhD thesis that consists equally of a scientific and an artistic or design component. In Austria, a PhD in Practice can be completed at the
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, the
University of Applied Arts Vienna, the
Mozarteum University Salzburg, and the
University of Art and Design Linz. In Switzerland, the Institute for Contemporary Art Research (IFCAR) at the
Zurich University of the Arts offers a PhD in Fine Arts.
Scandinavia In
Finland, the Doctor of Arts degree is a research-based qualification awarded by the
University of Art and Design Helsinki upon successful completion of studies and a
dissertation in the fields of art and design. In Sweden, the
University of Gothenburg offers a doctoral studies programme in artistic practices, including craft, design, design management, fine art, film, photography, literary composition, poetry, and prose. Additionally, the
Malmö Art Academy offers a four-year doctoral programme for professional artists and curators, leading to a PhD in Fine Art. In Stockholm, a PhD in Artistic Practice in Visual, Applied, and Spatial Arts can be obtained at
Konstfack. In Norway, the
Oslo National Academy of the Arts offers a three-year full-time doctoral programme (180 ECTS credits) leading to a PhD in Artistic Research. A PhD in Artistic Research can also be pursued at the
Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim.
North America While the PhD is the most common doctoral degree in the United States, the
U.S. Department of Education and the
National Science Foundation recognize a number of research-oriented doctoral degrees such as the D.A. as "equivalent", and do not discriminate between them. The idea for a Doctor of Arts degree was originally proposed at the 1932 meeting of the
Association of American Universities by Wallace Atwood, then president of
Clark University. However, it was not until in 1967, with support from the
Carnegie Corporation of New York, that
Carnegie Mellon University began to offer the D.A. in Mathematics, History, English and Fine Arts, conferring the first such Doctor of Arts degrees in the United States the following year, in 1968, to Donald H. Taranto in the field of mathematics. Guiding principles for the Doctor of Arts degree were established in 1970 by the Committee on Graduate Studies of the
American Association of State Colleges and Universities and by the
Council of Graduate Schools in the United States. Additional support was provided by the
Carnegie Foundation in 1971. The National Doctor of Arts Association (NDAA) was founded in 1991 at Idaho State University.
South America In
Argentina, the Doctorate of Arts is offered by the
National University of Córdoba and the
National University of Rosario. ==See also==