Folkloric period Assyrian folk music is omnipresent in the village scene. A "musician" is not necessarily a professional, whoever can sing in any manner is considered a "singer". Most of the time, music is learned by ear and passed down as an oral tradition. Village music may be categorized, basically, into four groups: local secular music not related to specific occasions; functional music; religious music and hymns; and music adopted from other areas. Here are a few types of tribal Assyrian Music that has survived to this day, especially in the Assyrian villages and towns of northern
Iraq, southeastern
Turkey, northwestern
Iran and northeastern
Syria: •
Raweh: An ancient melodic
chant which features wailing echoed voices, usually of a male. Raweh is reminiscent of how one's voice
echoes in a valley between mountains. •
Zurna O Dawolah: These are two traditional music instruments, literally meaning a drum and wind-pipe (or flute). They are played together, either with or without singing in many ceremonies such as weddings, welcoming and, albeit rarely, funerals. •
Diwaneh: Sung in gatherings and meetings; lyrics cover aspects of life such as, working in the fields, persecution, suffering, religion. •
Lilyana: Wedding songs usually sung by women only, especially for the bride before leaving her home to get married. Also sung for the bridegroom the day before his wedding by his family and relatives. •
Tanbur: Another tribal music instrument, a string instrument with long neck, originated in ancient Assyria, discovered being depicted on carving from South Iraq from
Ur to
Akkad and
Ashur. Albert Rouel Tamraz was a famous Assyrian singer from Iraq who played this instrument and sung many folkloric songs accompanied by hand-drum (
tabla). It was in the
Assyrian homeland north of
Mosul that people started to write the vernacular, more than two hundred years before the earliest British missionaries, although the earliest records of the
Syriac language date from 5th century BC
Achaemenid Assyria. The earliest dated text is a poem written in 1591. This makes early Neo-Aramaic literature a contemporary of Jewish Neo-Aramaic literature from roughly the same region, dating back to the late 16th century. The Neo-Aramaic literature which existed before the arrival of British and American missionaries consisted mainly of poetry. This poetry can be divided into three categories: stanzaic hymns, dispute poems, and drinking songs. Of these three categories, only the hymns, which in Neo-Aramaic are termed
duriky; and which can be seen as the equivalent of the
Classical Syriac madrase, can usually be traced back to individual authors.
Modern Assyrian Music band
Azadoota has incorporated both Assyrian folk rhythm and style with
Latin and rock flavour
World War I, and the resulting
Assyrian genocide, drove many Assyrians out from the mountainous region of
Hakkari, southeastern Turkey to the regions of northern Iraq and northeastern Syria.
World War II brought them in direct contact with the
west, especially the
British Army in Iraq,
Russians in
Urmia and the
French in
Syria. The contact with the British caused the most influence on modern Assyrian music, especially the period after the independence of Iraq in 1932, which brought British oil companies into Iraq and they employed many by now English speaking Assyrians. At this time they came in contact with Western music and instruments. Assyrian youth started picking up and playing these new instruments after seeing and hearing the British playing. Assyrian youths started to find new bands and to play in parties, picnics and other functions for both Assyrians and others.
Gabriel Asaad was the pioneer of Assyrian music and composed the first Assyrian song in the
Turoyo language,
Othuroye Ho Mtoth Elfan l-Metba‘ (1926, ܐܬܘܪܝܶܐ ܗܐ ܡܛܬ ܐܠܦܢ ܠܡܛܒܥ "Assyrians, Our ship is on the way to sink"). In
Baghdad, Iraq the earliest known record is by
Hanna Patros in 1931 – perhaps two Gramophones (78 rpm) with 2 songs on each (church hymns and folk songs). Called “"Karuzuta d-khasha". Hanna Petros (1896–1958), later became the music director at the conservatory in Baghdad. There were church hymns and folklore songs with a musical company on the records. Albert Rouel Tamras releases his first records in Baghdad in 1966 on Bashirphone label owned by
Jameil Bashir an
Assyrian Iraqi oud and violin soloist. Singing in the background with Albert are Biba and
Sargon Gabriel, two singers who would later become notable figures in modern Assyrian music in the United States. Contemporaneously,
Evin Agassi was also making music in
Iran during the 1950s and 1960s. From the 1970s and onward, Assyrian music started to incorporate elements from Western
popular music, such as
British and
American music. Jermain Tamraz, originally from Iran, was the first Assyrian artist to arrive to Australia to record Assyrian music. Genres such as
soft rock,
pop ballads and
dance pop became popular from 1980s and onward, although they all still had elements of Assyrian folk. In the 1990s and 2000s, Assyrian artists routinely fused in the traditional sounds of zurna and dawola conjured by
electronic keyboards, as synthesized music got popular at that time. The
Latin genre became popular in the late 1990s with instruments such as the
Flamenco guitar being featured abundantly in Assyrian songs.
Rock music never became popular in the Assyrian music scene, although a few Assyrian songs have featured
electric guitars. Despite rock's unpopularity, there exists an Assyrian-Armenian metal band called
Melechesh, which has extensive Assyrian-Mesopotamian influences both lyrically and instrumentally. It is customary for modern Assyrian artists to generally sing in
Iraqi Koine, or "Standard Assyrian" (which is based on the prestigious
Urmian dialect but has influences of the
Hakkari dialects), for them to be intelligible and have widespread recognition. Songs in mountainous dialects, such as
Tyari, are usually of the
folk-dance music genre and would attract certain audiences. Due to
Arab influence, some Assyrian singers may incorporate
mawwal in their music. ==List of Assyrian singers==