Atlantic Forest

The Atlantic Forest region includes forests of several variations: • Restinga is a forest type that grows on stabilized coastal dunes. Restinga forests are generally closed canopy short forests with tree density. Open restinga is an open, savanna-like formation with scattered clumps of small trees and shrubs and an extensive layer of herbs, grasses, and sedges. • Seasonal tropical moist forests may receive more than of rain a year. These include Tropical Moist: Lowland Forests, Submontane Forest, and Montane Forests. • Further inland are the Atlantic dry forests, which form a transition between the arid Caatinga to the northeast and the Cerrado savannas to the east. These forests are lower in stature; more open, with high abundance of deciduous trees and lower diversity when compared to tropical moist forests. These forests have between 700 and 1600 mm of precipitation annually with a distinct dry season. This includes Deciduous and Seasonal semideciduous forest each with their own lowland and montane regions. ==Geography==

are located south of the Atlantic Forest. The Atlantic Forest mainly covers regions of eastern Brazil (92% of the total area), but also reaches eastern Paraguay (6%) and northeastern Argentina (2%). ==History==

The Atlantic Forest has undergone great changes across the last two epochs. Human interaction and environmental changes have been major factors in the ecological history of the forest region. During glacial periods in the Pleistocene, the Atlantic Forest is known to have shrunk to extremely small fragmented refugia in highly sheltered gullies, being separated by areas of dry forest or semi-deserts known as caatingas. The Atlantic Forest region was very different in the Pleistocene than today. Vegetation ranged from a few rain-heavy forests to an abundance of dry open grasslands and forests. Early human hunting likely resulted in the first mass extinctions of large mammals in the Atlantic Forest region. Indigenous groups in the Holocene used slash-and-burn agriculture which transformed biological corridors into food resources. Changes in landscape and faunal demographics contributed to greater ecological changes in the Holocene. Ecological changes in this era were signified by the increase in dense rainforests. Unlike refugia for equatorial rainforests, the refuges for the Atlantic Forest have never been the product of detailed identification. By the time of European colonization circa 1500 CE, the Atlantic Forest stretched approximately . The regions first encountered by Europeans were not pristine landscape. Researchers estimate that Indigenous land management shaped 60–80% of the forest landscape by the time of European contact. Portuguese colonists exploited Indigenous labor and knowledge to extract Paubrasilia echinata for the red dye the trunk of the plant could produce. Portuguese sugar plantations, engenho, had the most impact on the Atlantic Forest region in colonial times. Overtime, these interactions shaped the Atlantic Forest region in a manner that had not occurred under Indigenous land management. The Atlantic Forest has become fragmented since early colonial interactions. Forest fragmentation continues to impact the Atlantic Forest region and contemporary conservation efforts. The threatened existence of the golden lion tamarin sparked global interest in the Atlantic Forest in 1970. ==Biodiversity==

in the forest Despite having only 28% of native vegetation cover remaining, the Atlantic Forest remains extraordinarily lush in biodiversity and endemic species, many of which are threatened with extinction. Approximately 40 percent of its vascular plants and up to 60 percent of its vertebrates are endemic species, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. The official threatened species list of Brazil contains over 140 terrestrial mammal species found in Atlantic Forest. In Paraguay the Atlantic Forest has been heavily impacted in recent years. In Paraguay there are 35 species listed as threatened, and 22 species are listed as threatened in the interior portion of the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Nearly 250 species of amphibians, birds, and mammals have become extinct due to the result of human activity in the past 400 years. Over 11,000 species of plants and animals are considered threatened today in the Atlantic Forest. The Atlantic Forest is one of the best studied tropical ecosystems. For example, over 3000 tree species, 98 bat species, 94 large or medium-sized mammal species, over 2000 epiphyte species, 26 primate species, 528 amphibian species, 124 small mammal species, and over 800 bird species have been recorded in the Atlantic Forest. New species are continually being found in the Atlantic Forest. In fact, between 1990 and 2006 over a thousand new flowering plants were discovered. Furthermore, in 1990 researchers re-discovered a small population of the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara), previously thought to have been extinct. In 1991, the butterfly Actinote zikani was rediscovered in southern Brazil, after being declared extinct ten years earlier. A new species of blonde capuchin (Cebus queirozi), named for its distinguishing bright blonde hair, was discovered in northeastern Brazil at the Pernambuco Endemism Center in 2006. A species of endangered three-toed sloth, named the maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) because of its long hair, is endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Hylid tree frog Dendropsophus branneri is also endemic to the Atlantic Forest. ==Conservation==

Human impact The incorporation of modern human societies and their needs for forest resources has greatly reduced the size of the Atlantic Forest, which has resulted in species impoverishment. Almost 88% of the original forest habitat has been lost and replaced by human-modified landscapes including pastures, croplands, and urban areas. This deforestation continues at an annual rate of 0.5% and up to 2.9% in urban areas. :Agriculture: A major portion of human land use in the Atlantic Rain Forest is for agriculture. Crops include sugar-cane, coffee, tea, tobacco and more recently soybean and biofuel crops. This is commonly done by slash and burn, which increases the likelihood of additional forest loss to human-induced wildfires. :Hunting: Species in a fragmented forest are more susceptible to decline in population size because they are in a confined area that is more accessible to hunters. Larger animals make up the highest percentage of biomass. These animals are also the most rewarding to hunters and are heavily hunted in accessible fragments. This results in a change in species interactions such as seed dispersal and competition for resources. :Logging: Logging removes 10 to 80% of the canopy cover of a forest, making that habitat more susceptible to natural elements such as wind and sunlight. This causes an increase in forest heating and desiccation. Large amounts of organic litter and debris build up, which results in an increase in forest vulnerability to fires. Additionally, logging roads create accessibility for humans, thereby increasing the rate of human land disturbance and decreasing the amount of natural forest. The endemic species in this region are especially vulnerable to extinction due to fragmentation because of their small geographic ranges and low occurrence. In a study of the Atlantic Forest fragments, community level biomass was reduced to 60% in plots less than 25 hectares. Key ecological processes such as seed dispersal, gene flow, colonization and other processes are disturbed by fragmentation. One organization, called BirdLife International, uses its research to preserve the area's bird biodiversity and teach people about sustainable natural resource use. In order to preserve diversity, the state of São Paulo has created the Restinga de Bertioga State Park, a 9.3 thousand hectares park which also serves as a wildlife corridor linking the coastal regions to the Serra do Mar mountain range. Some organizations, such as the Nature Conservancy, are planning to restore parts of the forest that have been lost and to build corridors that are compatible with the lifestyles of the native people. The Amazon Institute is active in reforestation efforts in the northeastern state of Pernambuco, Brazil. During 2007, Joao Milanez and Joanne Stanulonis have planted 5,500 new trees in the mountains commencing with Gravata, adding to the precious little ancient forest left. The Pact for Atlantic Forest Restoration has assembled over 100 businesses, nongovernmental and governmental organizations around the goal of having 15 million hectares of the original ecosystem restored by 2050. The Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul keeps a private reserve of the Araucaria moist forest ecoregion of approximately 3,100 ha called Pró-Mata, near the city of São Francisco de Paula in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This reserve is used for research and biodiversity conservation. ==Ecoregions==

(Brazil) '' in the Atlantic forest of the state biological reserve of Aguaí Terrestrial ecoregions within the Atlantic Forest Biome include: ;Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests • Alto Paraná Atlantic forests • Araucaria moist forests • Atlantic Coast restingas • Bahia coastal forests • Bahia interior forests • Caatinga enclaves moist forests • Pernambuco coastal forests • Pernambuco interior forests • Serra do Mar coastal forests ;Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests • Atlantic dry forests ;Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands • Campos rupestres ;Mangrove forests • Bahia mangroves • Ilha Grande mangroves • Rio Piranhas mangroves • Rio São Francisco mangroves ==See also==