Sullivan and Adler designed a tall structure with load-bearing outer walls, and based the exterior appearance partly on the design of
H.H. Richardson's
Marshall Field Warehouse, another Chicago landmark. The Auditorium is a heavy, impressive structure externally, and was more striking in its day when buildings of its scale were less common. When completed, it was the tallest building in the city and largest building in the United States.
Foundation One of the most innovative features of the building was its massive raft
foundation, designed by Adler in conjunction with engineer Paul Mueller. The soil beneath the Auditorium consists of soft blue
clay to a depth of over 100 feet, which made conventional foundations impossible. Adler and Mueller designed a floating mat of crisscrossed
railroad ties, topped with a double layer of steel rails embedded in concrete, the whole assemblage coated with
pitch. The resulting raft distributed the weight of the massive outer walls over a large area. However, the weight of the masonry outer walls in relation to the relatively lightweight interior deformed the raft during the course of a century, and today portions of the building have settled as much as 29 inches. This deflection is clearly visible in the theater lobby, where the
mosaic floor takes on a distinct slope as it nears the outer walls. This settlement is not because of poor engineering but the fact the design was changed during construction. The original plan had the exterior covered in lightweight terra-cotta, but this was changed to stone after the foundations were under construction. Most of the settlement occurred within a decade after construction, and at one time a plan existed to shorten the interior supports to level the floors but this was never carried out.
Theater In the center of the building was a 4,300 seat
auditorium, originally intended primarily for production of
Grand Opera. In keeping with Peck's democratic ideals, the auditorium was designed so that all seats would have good views and acoustics. The original plans had no
box seats and when these were added to the plans they did not receive prime locations. The theater has 3,901 seats as of 2017.
Other interior spaces Housed in the building around the central space were an 1890 addition of 136 offices and a 400-room hotel, whose purpose was to generate much of the revenue to support the opera. While the Auditorium Building was not intended as a commercial building, Peck wanted it to be self-sufficient. Revenue from the offices and hotel was meant to allow ticket prices to remain reasonable. In reality, both the hotel and office block became unprofitable within a few years of the building's opening. File:Auditorium bldg (Interior) HABS.jpg |interior cross-section File:Auditorium bldg (foundations) HABS.jpg |foundation File:Auditorium bldg (basement) HABS.jpg |basement ==History==