Auguste Pavie

from Bokor Hill Station Born in Dinan in Brittany, the son of a cabinet maker, Auguste Pavie did not have the usual makings of a diplomat. He had no training at all either as a military officer or in the grandes écoles. Instead, drawn by the prospect of adventure in distant lands, he joined the army in 1864 at the age of seventeen. In 1869, he was posted to Cochinchina as part of the Marine Infantry. He was called back for military service in France the following year during the Franco-Prussian War, where he reached the rank of sergeant-major. In 1871 he returned to Cochinchina as part of the local administration of the postal and telegraphic service. In 1876 he was put in charge of a small telegraphic office in the remote Cambodian port of Kampot, where he served for three years. The posting at Kampot gave Pavie the opportunity to gain an in-depth knowledge of the Indochinese, their culture and language. One of very few Europeans in this settlement on the Kampot River beneath the Elephant Mountains, he "went native", mastering Cambodian, walking bare-foot and sporting a wide-brimmed hat, as he charted the backlands of Cambodia, recording all that he found of interest. Pavie's approach prompted mixed reactions: his immersion in Cambodian life was criticized by French officials in Cochinchina; however, a French officer remarked at the time that "beneath an appearance of physical weakness, there was a wealth of intelligence put to work with an energy and strength of will without equal." During this period, Pavie supervised the building of a telegraphic line between Phnom Penh and Kampot. ==Diplomatic career==

on the Mekong River|350px , ruler of Luang Prabang In 1879, Pavie came to the attention of Charles Le Myre de Vilers, governor of Cochinchina and closely involved with the colonial lobbyists in France. Pavie became his protégé and was entrusted to lead a five-year expedition to explore the region extending from the Gulf of Siam to the great freshwater lake Tonlé Sap in Cambodia and beyond to the Mekong River. During this period he honed his skills of observation that would stand him in good stead for future missions as explorer and diplomat. These were the so-called "Missions Pavie" conducted over the 16-year period 1879-1895 during which Pavie, accompanied by his assistants, and his Khmer interpreter Thiounn, he would explore the whole Indochinese Peninsula. Pavie referred to this kind of diplomacy as la conquête des coeurs [the winning of hearts], which became the title of his autobiography. In 1892, he became resident minister in Bangkok, and played an important role in the gunboat diplomacy of the Franco-Siamese crisis in 1893, which resulted in the establishment of the French protectorate over Laos. He was the first commissioner general of the government of the newly formed colony of Laos in 1894, before becoming plenipotentiary minister. At that time, Laos became a part of French Indochina, joining Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia; and the Mekong, long referred to as "our river" by French politicians and colonial lobbyists, became wholly controlled by France. All these posts allowed Pavie access to Cambodia and Laos at every possible level. ==Missions Pavie==

During his various missions, Pavie managed to survey an area of , travelling 30,000 km in the upland areas to the North and East of the Mekong, on foot, by elephant or down the river on rafts, gathering a large amount of scientific information. He was accompanied by a team of up to 40 assistants, with a wide range of expertise, from archaeology to entomology, some like diplomat-doctor Pierre Lefèvre-Fontalis and the immunologist Alexandre Yersin becoming famous in their own right. Many were trained at the École Cambodgienne in Paris, which Pavie helped found in 1885; it would later become the École Coloniale in 1889, and later still the present-day École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer. Pavie made a special effort to ensure that the École also trained indigenous assistants, personally accompanying the first Cambodian entrants to France. The original École Coloniale was located at 2 avenue de l'Observatoire, currently the Paris office of the École nationale d'administration. The first mission Pavie, from 1879 to 1885, covered the areas of Cambodia and Southern Siam as far as Bangkok. The second mission, from 1886 to 1889, covered Northeastern Laos and the exploration of the Black river in Tonkin as far as Hanoi. The third mission, from 1889 to 1891, involved the exploration of the Mekong river from Saigon to Luang Prabang. The fourth mission, from 1894 to 1895, involved the areas of Laos bordering with China and Burma on the left bank of the Mekong river, as far as the Red River. ==Retirement==

On retiring from high office, he returned to France in 1904 and set to work preparing his recollections and observations for publication. Between 1898 and 1921 he produced the multi-volume work La mission Pavie, A la conquête des coeurs and Contes du Cambodge, du Laos et du Siam. In 1906 he was named a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur. He died in Thourie, Brittany. ==Works==

• Mission Pavie en Indochine, 1879–1895. 7 vols. Paris: Leroux, 1898–1919. • ''A la conquête des coeurs: Le Pays des millions d'Eléphants''. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1942. • Contes populaires du Cambodge, du Laos et du Siam. Paris: Leroux, 1903. • The Pavie Mission Indochina Papers 1879-1895, Bangkok: White Lotus, 1996. 6 vols. English translation by Walter E. J. Tips of Vols. I-VI of Mission Pavie en Indochine. • Pavie, Auguste: Mission Pavie, Indochine, 1879-1895. Géographie et Voyages VII. Journal de Marche (1888-1889). Evenements du Siam (1891-1893), Bangkok: White Lotus, 1999, reprint of Volume VII (1919) of Mission Pavie en Indochine. ==Gallery==

Image:Auguste_Pavis_Cambodia_1879.jpg|Auguste Pavie doing surveying work in Cambodia in 1879 Image:Auguste_Pavie_in_Luang_Prabang.jpg|Auguste Pavie and Pierre Lefèvre-Pontalis in Luang Prabang Image:Auguste_Pavie_in_1893.jpg|Auguste Pavie (third from left) and Pierre Lefèvre-Pontalis in 1893 with Cambodian interpreters trained at the École Coloniale Image:Auguste_Pavie_meeting_with_Laotian_Princes_before_1895.jpg|Auguste Pavie, negotiating with Laotian Princes ==Notes==