Malva preissiana

The plant's large, tuberous root has important medicinal properties, and was also mashed and eaten by the local Aboriginal people. Native hollyhock is easily propagated from its complex black seeds. ==Characteristics==

The name Malva has its origins in the Greek word ("malakos"), which can be roughly translated to mean "soft" and/or "smooth", and preissiana is derived from the name Joann August Ludwig Preiss, who was a well-known German botanist who spent up to four years in Australia studying native plants during the late 1800s. Malva preissiana is ornithocoprophilic, meaning that it thrives in environments that have an abundant source of bird faeces or guano. This is because the plant gains essential nutrients that are found within the bird faeces due to the fact that the birds' diet mainly consists of nutrient-rich small fish and other sea creatures; As such, this plant can typically be found in coastal areas of Australia that are heavily populated by gulls or seabirds, and particularly flourishes during breeding season when the birds are not migrating. Malva preissiana also belongs to the sclerophyllous leaf type, whereby the plant is characterised by shorter leaves and more robust structures; this unique anatomy makes it a very durable plant, which in turn has made it a much relied upon shrub for birds to make nests for their young. This allows Malva preissiana to endure the warm and dry climates that are typical of Australia. Because of its versatile and durable qualities, this plant can often be found in great numbers after flooding, and/or heavy rain. Malva preissiana is also characterised by white flowers. It has previously been believed that Malva preissiana can have pink and white flowers, however, a study conducted in 2012 has shown that the pink-flowered hollyhock is a different taxa, and so was given its own name, Malva weinmanniana. This can be used to differentiate between the native Australian plant and its other relatives of the same species that are not native to Australia, but that are introduced. ==Historical significance==

Malva preissiana was the first of the Malva genus to be officially recorded in Australia by a foreign botanist, with it appearing in 1845. Historically, it has been used for medicinal purposes due to its supposed anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. Because of this quality, variations of this plant have also been used as a soothing balm or treatment to apply to wounds or injuries. This quality is also known to produce a laxative effect, so has been consumed to promote good digestion and relief from stomach problems. According to the oral stories of the Paakantyi people of New South Wales, Malva preissiana had many uses. It was used to make string to bind objects together, and also to make important items such as emu nets for hunting. To make the string, the plant was often cooked, scraped, dried and chewed. This plant was also used by the Paakantyi people as a medicine, and used to cure burns, blisters and even was supposed to help with conditions such as arthritis. Other species belonging to the Malva family have also been historically used for food or for medicinal purposes. It is believed that many different species of Malva were used in various parts of Europe in the early 1800s, for food, often used in many different dishes, such as soups, salads and even brewed as a tea. There is also evidence of some species of the Malva being crushed up and used as a yellow/orange dye, so it is possible that it had some minimal use in textiles and fabric making. ==Threats==

Currently, there are a number of threats to this species, and Malva preissiana has been categorized as “vulnerable” on a state-to-state basis within Australia, according to a biodiversity report conducted in 2016 and "becoming locally extinct" according to a report published in 2001. The first threat is general human activity that disturbs the growth of this vegetation, particularly along beaches or in coastal areas. ==Restoration projects==

The most recent restoration project occurred on Penguin Island, in Western Australia in 2014. Malva preissiana is an essential native plant due to its almost symbiotic relationship with the local seabirds such as the bridled tern and the little penguin. The study had two main aims: "to determine if native vegetation cover could be re-established around bridled tern nesting boxes by planting tubestock of berry salt bush (Rhagodia baccata) and bower spinach (Tetragonia implexicoma)", and "to determine if the Australian hollyhock could be grown from seeds around bridled tern nesting boxes”. Berry saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata) is also known as "creeping saltbush"; it was an important plant in this study because it is also an Australian native plant much like Malva preissiana and so can be used to help rebuild the habitat that allows Malva preissiana to grow. It also produces flowers in the form of red berries, which help to sustain a number of native animals and birds, and is typically described as a dense shrub-like bush. It is also an Australian native plant that is common to Australian coastlines, so it flourished in conditions that also benefit Malva preissiana. They rely on Malva preissiana to build their nests and prefer to nest on exposed and/or open areas that are close to water so that they can easily hunt for food and watch out for predators. For a large portion of the year, the birds are absent from Penguin Island due to their migration patterns and nomadic nature. The volunteers planted over fifty "nest-tubes" that were designed to support seedling-growth and thus, create a comfortable nesting site for the native birds during breeding season. To create these tubes, PVC pipes were cut and painted so that they would blend in with the surrounding environment and were then inserted into the ground. When the study began, a large portion of the island had been taken over by introduced species of weeds, and like the project on Seal Island and Middle Shag Island, was also plagued by an introduced Tree Mallow species. A similar project took place on Seal Island and Middle Shag Island in 2000, whereby the eradication of the introduced tree mallow species was found to help promote the growth of Malva pressiana on the islands, thus simultaneously helping support the local bird populations. There was concern that the habitat that allows the native Malva preissiana to flourish was being negatively impacted by the presence of "thickets of European Tree Mallow" (Malva arborea), which was introduced to Australia. This Malva arborea originated in the coastal regions of the Mediterranean, where it relied on the salty water, "high levels of phosphorus", and consistent winds to grow and propagate. Thus, it is well suited to grow on areas such as Seal Island and Middle Shag Island, which both have similar climates and habitats as Penguin Island. The main concern with the large population and high rate of growth of the European tree mallow was that when this plant died, it left the soil in a damaged state, and also left the ground largely exposed, meaning that the native Malva preissiana were exposed to the elements and as such, had less chance of successful growth. The report also found that the presence of the native Malva preissiana played a key role in protecting other native shrubs that also sustain the soil quality: "the loss of native perennial shrubs which are constantly green and stabilise and maintain the shallow sandy topsoil". ==References==