She was born Tanaka Ayako in Tokyo, Japan in 1903, the daughter of a college professor. During the 1920s, she became active in politics. While in the United States, she became friends with writers
Pearl S. Buck, Helen Kuo, and
Agnes Smedley and artist
Yasuo Kuniyoshi. Tanaka first came to the United States in 1926, accompanying her sister, whose husband, a diplomat, was posted to Washington, D.C. She briefly attended classes at
George Washington University. Soon after, she moved to New York City, where she audited courses at
Columbia University. In New York, she met the painter
Eitaro Ishigaki, whom she would marry in 1931. Following the
Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Ishigaki became outspoken in protesting the Japanese military aggression in China, and reported on Japan for the left-wing magazine
The New Masses. Her articles emphasized the negative impact of imperialism and
industrialism on Japanese workers, particularly women. During this time, she adopted the pseudonym
Haru Matsui, to protect her family in Japan from possible retaliation for her activism. In the spring of 1937, she moved to
Los Angeles, where she contributed a biweekly column to the Japanese American newspaper
Rafu Shimpo, writing under the pen name
May Tanaka. This column focused on daily life, while incorporating feminist and antiwar commentary. She returned to New York later that year. In 1938, she went on a lecture tour with the
modern dancer and left-wing militant
Si-Lan Chen. During one of her lectures, she was invited to write a book by a representative of the progressive publishers Modern Age Books. Ishigaki's
memoir Restless Wave: A Life in Two Worlds, published as Haru Matsui in January 1940, and was widely reviewed in publications such as
The New Yorker and
The New Republic. While framed as a memoir, and generally following the arc of her life,
Restless Wave also simplifies some elements of her biography, and later in life she described it as a "novelistic semi-autobiographical text." While
Restless Wave gained critical and popular acclaim in the U.S., its strong critiques of Japanese society and militarism also brought Ayako negative attention from the Japanese government. The book's publication also led to a friendship between Ayako and the American author Pearl S. Buck, who reviewed
Restless Wave positively and invited Ayako to contribute to
Asia magazine. After the outbreak of war between the U.S. and Japan in 1941, Ayako and Eitaro were forced to register as enemy aliens. Although they were not
incarcerated due to their residence on the
East Coast of the United States, they were subject to curfews and random searches, and lost their jobs. In 1942, she began working for the
Office of War Information. In the late 1940s, as the
Cold War took hold and
McCarthyism became dominant in the U.S., Ayako and Eitaro were placed under government surveillance due to their left-wing activism. In 1951, Eitaro was arrested and deported by the American government, and Ayako returned to Japan with him. Following her return to Japan, Ayako continued to work extensively as a journalist, lecturer, and translator. In 1955, she published an article with the title "Shufu to iu dai-ni shokugyö-ron" ('Housewife: The Second Profession') in which she called for Japanese housewives to seek fulfillment in work beyond the home, which set off a major discussion in Japanese media, termed the 'housewife debate'. She continued to write prolifically throughout her life, eventually publishing around thirty books in Japanese and becoming a television commentator. ==Bibliography==