Wang (1985) Wang Fushi (1985) groups the Qiandong Miao languages as follows. •
Northern: 1,000,000 speakers in Kaili, Majiang, Nandan, Longlin, Leishan, Taijiang, Huangping, Jianhe, Zhenyuan, Sansui, Shibing, Sandu, Fuquan, Pingba, Zhenning, Xingren, Zhenfeng, Anlong, Wangmo, etc. •
Eastern: 250,000 speakers in Jinping, Liping, Jianhe, Jingzhou, Tongdao, Huitong, etc. •
Southern: 350,000 speakers in Rongjiang, Congjiang, Nandan, Sandu, Rongshui, Sanjiang, etc. Includes
Na Meo of northern Vietnam. •
Western (
Raojia): 15,000 speakers in Heba of Majiang, Mianluo of Duyun, Sandu, Rongjiang, parts of Nandan
Wu (2009) Wu Zhengbiao (2009) divides Hmu into seven different dialects. Past classifications usually included only three or four dialects. For example, Li Jinping & Li Tianyi (2012), based on past classifications, divide Hmu into the three dialects of Northern, Southern, and Eastern. Datapoint locations of representative dialects are from Li Yunbing (2000). •
Eastern (
Representative dialect: Sanjiang township 三江乡,
Jinping County, Guizhou) •
Jinping County,
Guizhou (in Ouli 偶里寨 of Ouli Township 偶里乡, etc.) •
Hekou 河口 dialect (10,000+ speakers): spoken in Hekou 河口乡, Wenniu 文牛乡, and Zhanghua 彰化乡 townships •
Ouli 偶里 dialect (20,000+ speakers): spoken in Pinglve 平略乡, Ouli 偶里乡, Zhaizao 寨早乡, Jiaosan 皎三乡, Maoping 茅坪乡, Guazhi 挂治乡, Pingjin 平金乡, and Suijiang 稳江乡, Loujiang 娄江乡, and Tongpo 铜坡乡 townships •
Jingzhou County,
Hunan (in Caidiwan 菜地湾, etc.) •
Sanjiang County •
Northern Vietnam (Lang Son, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, and Tuyen Quang provinces):
Na Meo language }} ==Classification==