2012–2016: First television appearances and debut with I.O.I In 2012, Kim participated in the second season of competition television show
K-pop Star 2 at the age of 16. She did not make it through the second round of the ranking audition, but
Yang Hyun-suk brought her back as a wildcard for the casting round where Kim performed a duet of
Taeyang's "I Need A Girl" with fellow contestant Jo Yoo-min. They both made it to the final casting round along with contestants Nicole Curry and Lee Soo-kyung where Kim was eliminated from the competition. In January 2016, Kim represented
Jellyfish Entertainment together with fellow trainees Kim Na-young and
Kang Mi-na on the reality survival show
Produce 101 for the chance to debut in an Mnet Project girl group. All three were assigned to "Group A" in the first episode of the program and Kim achieved the first-place ranking on several episodes. Kim was the runner-up contestant of the season, garnering 525,352 votes, officially becoming a member of the girl group I.O.I. They debuted on May 4, 2016, with the lead single "
Dream Girls" from the album
Chrysalis. I.O.I disbanded in January 2017 and the members returned to their respective agencies at the end of their contracts.
2016–2018: Gugudan and early acting roles On June 10, 2016, YMC Entertainment revealed that Kim would return to her agency to join and promote its upcoming girl group. On June 28, 2016, while still members of I.O.I, Kim and Kang Mi-na joined
Gugudan with the lead single "Wonderland". On November 23, 2016, Kim participated in Jellyfish Entertainment's music channel project
Jelly Box and released the single "
Flower Way", produced by
Zico, along with a music video. The single peaked at number two on the
Gaon Digital Chart and Kim received her first solo artist
music program trophy for the single on the November 30 episode of
Show Champion. On January 12, 2017, Kim released the song "If Only" for the soundtrack of
The Legend of the Blue Sea. Later that year, she collaborated with
Lee Tae-il of
Block B for the digital single "I Like You, I Don't", which charted at number 8 on the Gaon Music Charts. Kim also collaborated with
NCT's
Doyoung on a song titled "Star Blossom" for the
SM Station Season 2 music project. Kim hosted the new KBS show
Talents for Sale alongside
Kim Jong-kook,
Lee Seo-jin and
Noh Hong-chul in 2016. She would later get a "Rookie Variety" nomination in the 15th
KBS Entertainment Awards. In March 2017, she joined the reality-documentary
Law of the Jungle in Sumatra. She was awarded with a "Best Challenge" Award on the
11th SBS Entertainment Awards. In July 2017, she took on her first major acting role as the lead character Ra Eun-ho in
KBS2's teen drama
School 2017 where she won the "Best New Actress" award at the
31st KBS Drama Awards. She also was a vocalist for the series' soundtrack titled "Believe in this Moment". In September 2017, she was announced to star in
Netflix's first Korean variety show
Busted! That month, she also starred on
OnStyle's show
Get It Beauty. In January 2018, Kim became the first special co-host of ''
Baek Jong-won's Alley Restaurant''. Kim and
LEO were chosen to sing the official cheer song entitled "We, the Reds" for the
South Korea national football team for the 2018 World Cup Tournament. In June 2018, she was cast for
tvN's sci-fi variety program
Galileo: Awakened Universe, which was filmed using the
Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), the largest and longest-running Mars surface simulation facility in the world. They were the first Korean entertainment crew to set foot on the Research Station. In June 2018, she formed
Gugudan SeMiNa with fellow
Produce 101 alumni members Mina and Nayoung. They debuted on July 10, 2018, with the single "SeMiNa". In September 2018, Kim released the song "Paramour" for the
Mr. Sunshine soundtrack.
2019–present: Solo career, stage debut, and commercial success In 2019, Kim took her second leading role in the mystery romantic-comedy drama
I Wanna Hear Your Song where she played a timpanist who lost her memories due to traumatic events. She would later win the K-Drama Hallyu Star Award on the
2019 KBS Drama Awards for the role. After a year of hiatus as a singer and three years since her solo debut song, Kim released the single "Tunnel" in collaboration with Dingo Music on December 2, 2019, followed by her first self-written and composed
extended play titled
Plant (), with its lead single of the same name, released on March 17, 2020. She wrote and composed all the tracks from her EP, except for the lead single. She received her second music award show trophy on
The Show for the single. Kim released the song "All of My Days" for the drama
Crash Landing on You, which charted at number 50 on the Gaon Digital Chart, followed by "What My Heart Says" for
Record of Youth. She later released the digital single "Whale" on August 17, 2020. Kim made her musical debut as the female lead in
Return: The Promise of the Day, an original army musical that deals with the topic of excavating the remains of the heroic soldiers who sacrificed themselves to protect their country during the Korean War. On July 15, 2020, she was confirmed to star in
The Uncanny Counter, where she played the role of Do Ha-na. The drama became the highest-rated
OCN series of all time. Kim also contributed to the drama's OST through her self-written and composed song "Meet Again" which charted at 147 on the Gaon Digital chart. After two years of inactivity, on December 31, 2020, Jellyfish Entertainment disbanded Gugudan. On May 11, 2021, Kim renewed her contract with the company as a solo artist and actress. On March 9, 2021, it was revealed that she was preparing for a comeback. On March 29, 2021, Kim released her second self-written and composed EP titled ''
I'm'' with its lead single "
Warning." Later that year, she featured in
MC Mong's
Flower 9 album with the song "Can I Go Back." On April 5, 2021, it was announced Kim would make her second musical appearance through
Red Book, a feminist musical drama set in the Victorian era, as the main protagonist Anna. Kim performed from June 7 to August 24, 2021, for a total of 28 shows.
Red Book Musical received a viewer rating of 9.9 out of 10, the highest among the top 20 2021 Musicals. The musical would later win the Best Picture Award, as well as Best New Musical Actress nomination for Kim at the 2022 Korean Musical Awards. On May 4, 2021, Kim and the members of I.O.I celebrated their fifth debut anniversary with a reunion livestream show called "Yes, I Love It!". On July 23, 2021, Kim collaborated with Municon and released the digital single "Baby I Love U", a remake of the same song by Japanese singer TEE. At the end of 2021, Kim hosted the
2021 MBC Entertainment Awards with
Jun Hyun-moo and
Lee Sang-yi. '' in February 2022 In February 2022, Kim starred as the female lead for the
SBS romantic comedy
Business Proposal alongside
Ahn Hyo-seop. The drama attained the highest viewership ratings (11.6%) for a terrestrial Mon-Tue drama in 2022 and was the fourth overall most watched drama on National TV. It is the first Korean-made TV series that was simultaneously shown on a local TV channel and Netflix to rank No. 1 on the official viewership chart and ranked eighth overall in Netflix's Most Popular Non-English Shows for 2022. Kim's performance drew praise from viewers and critics. An acoustic version of "Love, Maybe" sung by Kim was released as a bonus track. The track peaked at number 108 and 92 on the Gaon Digital Chart and K-pop Hot 100 respectively. Kim also starred in another SBS television series ''
Today's Webtoon alongside Choi Daniel and Nam Yoon-su that year. At the end of the year, Kim won the Popularity Award and the Best Actor Award at the 2023 Asia Artist Awards. Kim hosted the 2022 SBS Drama Awards with Business Proposal
costar Ahn Hyo-seop and comedian Shin Dong-yup. For her performance in Business Proposal'', Kim won the Top Excellence Award, the Actress in a Miniseries Romance/Comedy Drama Award, and Best Couple Award with Ahn. In July 2023, Kim appeared in the second season of
The Uncanny Counter, reprising her role as Do Ha-na. That same month, Kim was announced as one of mentors of the
reality competition series
Universe Ticket (2023). In October 2023, it was announced that Kim would be debuting as a theater actress in the play
Temple. In November 2025, she starred in MBC's historical fantasy television series
Moon River opposite
Kang Tae-oh. For her performance in
Moon River, she won the Top Excellence Award for Actress in a Miniseries and the Best Couple Award (along with Kang) at the
2025 MBC Drama Awards. On March 23, 2026, Kim left her agency of 10 years,
Jellyfish Entertainment, and signed with
BH Entertainment on March 24. ==Other ventures==