Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders

The ancestry and early life of Baldwin are unknown, he rose to prominence when in 861 he eloped with Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of West Francia. Judith had previously been married to Æthelwulf and Æthelbald, kings of Wessex, but after the latter's death in 860, she returned to France. Around the Christmas of 861, at the instigation of Baldwin and with her brother Louis's consent, Judith escaped the custody into which she had been placed in the city of Senlis, Oise after her return from England. Charles had given no permission for a marriage and had his bishop Hincmar excommunicate the couple. Baldwin and Judith found temporary refuge at the court of Lothair II, but when Charles threatened Lothair, Baldwin and Judith travelled to Rome to plead their case with Pope Nicholas I. By 23 November 862, their plea was successful in that they had won the support of Pope Nicholas. In June 863 Rodoald, Bishop of Porto in Italy and John, Bishop of Cervia were sent by Pope Nicholas to pressure King Charles into consenting to Judith and Baldwin's marriage. Charles reconciled with his daughter in October 863 at Verberie. In December 863 Baldwin and Judith got married in the cathedral in Auxerre, in the presence of Charles the Bald. After the marriage, Charles ordered Hincmar to lift the excommunication. Hincmar recorded the story of Baldwain and Judith in his Annales Bertiniani, where he vehemently opposed their marriage. ==Career==

King Charles sent Baldwin to the northern regions of his kingdom, where Vikings were making repeated incursions. The Annales Bertiniani mention how the Vikings were driven away in 864 from the Scheldt estuary and instead sailed further North to the Rhine. He was oppointed Margrave of Flanders. By 870, Baldwin was appointed lay abbot of Saint Peter's Abbey in Ghent and is assumed to have also acquired the county of Waasland, or parts thereof by this time. Baldwin developed himself as a very faithful and stout supporter of Charles and played an important role in the continuing wars against the Vikings. He is named in 877 as one of those willing to support the emperor's son, Louis the Stammerer. During his life, Baldwin expanded his territory into one of the major principalities of Western Francia. Baldwin died in 879 and was buried in the Abbey of St-Bertin, near Saint-Omer. As the monks of Saint-Bertin did not allow women to enter the abbey, not even for burial, Ælfthryth, his daughter-in-law, decided to bury her husband Baldwin II at the abbey of Saint-Pieter in Ghent. All next four successive counts of Flanders were buried with their spouses at this abbey, making it the necropolis of the counts of Flanders. In an apparent attempt to give their own abbey more importance, the monks of Saint-Pieter claimed in their eleventh-century Annales Blandiniensis, that Baldwin was also buried at their abbey. As a result, some confusion rose since over the exact place of his burial. In 1380 the abbot John of Ypres of Sain-Bertain added to the confusion by stating that Baldwin was buried in Saint-Bertain but his heart was interred in Saint-Pieter, which was clearly false since heart-burial was not yet practised at the time. In the Annales Blandiniensis Baldwin appeared for the first time with his later nickname "The Iron" ( "ferreus"). The Annales Blandiniensis also mentioned twice that Bladwin was the son of Audacer, and Audacer himself appeared with the title of count and lay abbot in an entry of the year 856. == Issue ==

Baldwin I and Judith had at least two sons: • Baldwin II (c. 866 – 918), who succeeded as margrave of Flanders • Ralph (c. 869 – 896), who became count of Cambrai around 888; he and his brother attacked Vermandois and captured Arras, Saint-Quentin and Peronne. But in 896 Herbert I of Vermandois with the support of the royal army, recaptured these town and Ralph was killed during battle. In addition, a third son and one or two daughters are sometimes attributed to Judith and Baldwin, although these accounts should be treated with caution as they are based on unreliable sources: • Charles (c. 864/865 – ?), named after his maternal grandfather. He was first recorded in a book Flandicarum rerum tomi X published by an antiquarian Jacob De Meyere in 1531. Jacob did not provide sources, and in fact it would have been quite audacious for Baldwin and Judith to give their child the name Charles, since in the ninth century it was a name reserved for kings only. This claim of the existence of a third son has been repeated in subsequent works : for example, Charles was recorded as "Karolus brevis vite" in the list of counts of Flanders in the Cartulaire de Saint-Bertin compiled in 1840. Vanderputten assumes that the name had been added to the Flandicarum rerum tomi X in some medieval confusion, and doubts whether Charles existed at all. • Guinidilde or Gunhild (died before 19 February 904), who married Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona, as mentioned in the twelfth-century "Gesta comitum Barcionensium" Before his marriage to Judith, Baldwin must have had other relationships, a daughter of Baldwin is recorded as nun in the monastery of Laon in 875. ==References==