Banded water snake

Nerodia fasciata is natively found from southern Illinois, south to Louisiana, and east to North Carolina and Florida. Introduced populations exist in Texas and California; ==Description==

Adults of the banded water snake typically range from in total length, with a record size (in the Florida subspecies) of in total length. It is typically gray, greenish-gray, or brown in color, with dark crossbanding. Many specimens are so dark in color that their patterning is barely discernible. The ventrum (belly) is typically an off-white to white. They have flat heads, and are fairly heavy-bodied. Banded water snakes may also be identified by a dark stripe which extends from the eye to the angle of the jaw. If irritated, they release a foul-smelling musk to deter predators. This species also exhibits sexual dimorphism in which the female is generally longer and heavier than the male. The average frequency of skin shedding has been found to be every four weeks. Their appearance leads them to be frequently mistaken for other snakes with which they share a habitat, including the venomous cottonmouth. ==Habitat==

Nerodia fasciata inhabits most freshwater environments such as lakes, marshes, ponds, and streams. Banded water snakes are active both day and night and may be seen basking on logs or branches overhanging the water or foraging in shallow water. They will typically stay within emergent vegetation along the shoreline or in the shallow littoral zone of their habitat. They move more frequently than other Nerodia species. ==Diet==

The species preys mainly on fish and frogs. On occasion, they prey on small turtles, small snakes, birds, earthworms, and crawfish. Juveniles mainly consume fish and shift towards eating frogs as adults. This shift may be caused by large frogs being mechanically too difficult for juveniles to consume (which may suggest juveniles may be unable to open their jaws wide enough for adult frogs), because large frogs are energetically too costly for juveniles to catch, or because juveniles are at risk if swallowing prey requires a long time. Individuals less than 500 mm snout–vent length (SVL) primarily consume relatively light mosquito fish and topminnows, whereas individuals exceeding 500 mm SVL begin taking massive bufonid (toad) and ranid (frog) prey. Using its vomeronasal organ, also called Jacobson's organ, the snake can detect parvalbumins in the cutaneous mucus of its prey. ==Reproduction==

The species is ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young. The banded water snake is able to hybridize with the common watersnake, although this is not frequent. Physical characteristics are insufficient to distinguish such hybrids, and DNA analysis is required. ==Predator avoidance==

When threatened, banded water snakes flatten their bodies to appear larger and emit a foul musk from their anal glands, and bite repeatedly. They will slash sideways when biting to tear the flesh of the attacker. ==Subspecies==

The three recognized subspecies of Nerodia fasciata, including the nominotypical subspecies, are: – Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, East Texas. • Nerodia fasciata fasciata (Linnaeus, 1766) – East Texas, Louisiana, southeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, western Mississippi, southern Alabama, Florida, southern Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, southeast Missouri and Illinois. • Nerodia fasciata pictiventris (Cope, 1895) – Florida water snake, Florida banded water snake – Florida, southeast Georgia. Introduced to Brownsville, Texas and California. ==Taxonomy==

Some older sources have considered Nerodia fasciata to be a subspecies of Nerodia sipedon. ==References==

• Herps of Texas: Nerodia fasciata ==External links==