The present-day city developed from an old Slavic settlement, into which German settlers moved (probably not until the 13th century). However, the first written reference to the town dates back to the 1240s, when monks from Bártfa complained to King
Béla IV of Hungary about a violation of the town's borders by
Eperjes (today Prešov, Slovakia). By that time, the notable
Basilica of St. Giles had already been built. The town was in the northeast Hungarian majority settlement until the Ottoman wars near the Polish border. Heavily fortified in the 14th century, the town became a center of trade with
Poland. More than 50
guilds controlled the flourishing economy. Bártfa gained the status of a royal town in 1376, later becoming a
free royal town. In October 1410 at the
Battle of Bardejov the
Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło defeated the
King Sigismund of
Hungary and
Croatia, who was later on crowned as King of
Germany, King of
Bohemia and
Holy Roman Emperor. The town's golden age ended in the 16th century, when several wars, pandemics, and other disasters plagued the country. Beginning in the first quarter of the 18th century, the situation began to improve. Slovaks and
Hasidic Jews came into Bártfa in large numbers. By the end of the century, the population of the town had regained the level of the 16th century. The burghers' houses were rebuilt or modified in keeping with current architectural fashion. A
Jewish quarter with a
synagogue, slaughterhouse, and
ritual baths developed in the north-western suburbs. New churches and bridges were built, as well. During the
Reformation, Michal Radašin was called the town pastor. Despite further fires in the last quarter of the 19th century, the town continued to thrive, thanks to major industrialization projects in the region. In 1893, a railway was opened connecting Eperjes to Bártfa. However, it declined again following its annexation and the establishment of the first
Czechoslovak Republic, and became a backward farming region.
World War II saw a worsening in the economic situation, though little damage from bombardment. Bardejov was taken by
Soviet troops of the
1st Guards Army on 20 January 1945. In 1950, Bardejov was declared a protected city core, and extensive restoration of its cultural heritage began. These efforts culminated in Bardejov receiving the European Gold Medal by the International Board of Trustees in Hamburg in 1986 – the first town in Czechoslovakia to receive the award. On 20 November 2000, Bardejov was selected by
UNESCO as one of its
World Heritage Sites, recognized for its Jewish Suburbia and historic town center. In November 2010, the city marked the 10th anniversary of its inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Today, Bardejov is known mainly for its authentic old town square, which, due to extensive restoration and preservation of its Medieval, Renaissance, and Gothic architecture, has made Bardejov a popular tourist destination. The town draws on its rich heritage to further develop cultural traditions, such as an annual trade fair and the Roland Games (commemorating its medieval past). In July 2005, Mr. Fish returned to Bardejov with his wife and son for the first time since 1949. His response to the disrepair and dilapidation of the synagogues and the Jewish cemetery was a resolve to restore and preserve these properties. The committee is composed of Bardejov survivors, their descendants and friends, and others interested in commemorating the vanishing Jewish communities of Central Europe. Today, the committee's stated mission is to: "restore the Jewish properties of Bardejov, Slovakia"; "build awareness of the cultural and historical significance of Jewish life in Bardejov and Slovakia"; and "advance knowledge of Jewish ancestry and heritage." ==In popular culture==