Barngarla people

Barngarla was the dominant language of the eyre peninsula prior to European settlement. the last fluent speaker was reported to have died in the 1960s, although some Barngarla members of the Stolen Generation retained knowledge of their language through lyrics in songs. Israeli linguist Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann contacted the Barngarla community in 2011 proposing to revive it, the project of reclamation being accepted enthusiastically by people of Barngarla descent. Workshops to this end were started in Port Lincoln, Whyalla and Port Augusta in 2012. The reclamation is based on 170-year-old documents. ==Country==

In Tindale's estimation, the Barngarla's traditional lands covered some , around the eastern side of Lake Torrens south of Edeowie and west of Hookina and Port Augusta. The western reaches extended as far as Island Lagoon and Yardea. Woorakimba, Hesso, Yudnapinna, and the Gawler Ranges are formed part of Barngarla lands. The southern frontier lay around Kimba, Darke Peak, Cleve, and Franklin Harbour. ==Social organisation==

The Barngarla had two tribal divisions: the northern Wartabanggala ranged from north of Port Augusta to Ogden Hill and the vicinity of Quorn and Beltana; a southern branch, the Malkaripangala, lived down the western side of the Spencer Gulf. Referred to as Pangkala, the Barngarla have also been included in the grouping currently known as the Adnyamathanha people. In 1844 the missionary C. W. Schürmann stated that the Barngarla were divided into two classes, the Mattiri and Karraru. This was criticized by the ethnographer R. H. Mathews, who, surveying South Australian tribes, argued that Schürmann had mixed them up, and that the proper divisions, which he called phratries shared by all these tribes was as follows: The Barngarla practised both circumcision and subincision. == Barngarla native title ==

On 22 January 2015 the Barngarla people were granted native title over much of Eyre Peninsula. They had applied for and received most of it. On 24 September 2021 they were granted native title over the city of Port Augusta, after a protracted 25-year old battle. Justice Natalie Charlesworth presided over the sitting. ==Alternative names==

• Arkaba-tura (men of Arkaba, a toponym) • Bangala, Bungela • Banggala, Bahngala • Bungeha • Jadliaura people • Kooapidna • Kooapudna (Franklin Harbour horde) • Kortabina (toponym) • Pamkala • Pankalla, Parnkalla, Parn-kal-la, Pankarla • Punkalla • Punkirla • Wanbirujurari ("men of the seacoast", northern tribal term for southern hordes) • Willara • Willeuroo ("west"/ "westerner") ==Some words==

• babi "father" • gadalyili, goonya, walgara "shark" • goordnidi "native dog" • ngami "mother" • yangkunnu "Pink cockatoo" • wilga "domesticated dog" Barngarla has four grammatical numbers: singular, dual, plural and superplural. For instance: • wárraidya "emu" (singular) • wárraidyailyarranha "a lot of emus", "heaps of emus" (superplural) • wárraidyalbili "two emus" (dual) • wárraidyarri "emus" (plural) ==Notes==