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Barnumbirr

Barnumbirr, also spelt Bunumbirr or Banumbirr and also known as the Morning Star, is a creator-spirit in the Yolngu culture of Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia, who is identified as the planet Venus. In Yolngu Dreaming mythology, she is believed to have guided the first humans, the Djanggawul sisters, to Australia. After the Djanggawul sisters arrived safely near Yirrkala in North East Arnhem Land, Barnumbirr flew across the land from east to west, creating a songline which named and created the animals, plants, and geographical features.

Role in creation
Barnumbirr as a Morning Star is a creator spirit in Yolngu culture. Yolngu songlines depict Barnumbirr guiding the Djanggawul sisters as they row a canoe from the mythical island of Bralgu (the home of Wangarr, the Great Creator Spirit) to discover Australia Once the sisters found land near Yirrkala in North East Arnhem Land, Barnumbirr is believed to have continued flying eastward creating a song-line which includes descriptions of flora, fauna, geographical features and clan borders. Barnumbirr’s songline therefore formed the basis of Madayin Law and the Yolngu understanding of the land. == Relationship with death ==
Relationship with death
Barnumbirr has strong associations with death for Yolngu people. In the real world, the Morning Star Ceremony is an important part of the funeral process for a small number of Yolngu clans. Venus can then be seen as a Morning Star for approximately 263 days. The Morning Star Pole The Morning Star Pole is a decorated ceremonial piece used in the Morning Star Ceremony. Pandanus strings attach more feathers to the pole. Poles have been exhibited in a number of major Australian galleries and museums including QAGOMA, the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia, the Art Gallery of NSW and the Australian National Maritime Museum.  Gali Yalkarriwuy Gurruwiwi is a Yolngu man from Elcho Island in Arnhem Land. He is a Morning Star custodian, maker and artist of Morning Star poles which have been displayed in galleries across the world. Gurriwiwi expresses a desire to use his art as a way bring people together and teach them about Yolngu culture. This desire to share indigenous culture with non-aboriginal people via Morning Star Poles is also shared by fellow Arnhem Land artist Bob Burruwal. == Venus in other Australian Indigenous cultures ==
Venus in other Australian Indigenous cultures
Venus is the third brightest object in the night sky and in some cases cultural limitations prevent information from being shared. and Queensland Gulf Country people’s interpretations. Kamilaroi and Euahlayi The Kamilaroi and Euahlayi peoples of Northern New South Wales interpret Venus as a morning star differently to the Yolngu but it shares similar significance. The story of the Eagle-hawk (Muliyan) is recounted in Reed Fuller and Hamacher & Banks. The eagle-hawk once lived in a large Yarran tree and hunted people for food near the Barwon River. One day, a group of men set out after him to avenge his killing of their people. The men set fire to the tree and killed Muliyan. The eagle-hawk then ascended into the sky as Muliyangah, the morning star. Euahlayi/Kamilaroi people interpret Muliyangah as the eyes of Baayami (Baiame) watching over the earth during the night. Due to Baayami’s cultural significance, Kamilaroi/Euahlayi people also place great importance on a Morning Star Ceremony but cultural sensitivities prevent much detail from being revealed in the literature. Fuller’s research does explain, however, that Venus rising as an evening star is a sign to light a sacred fire. This fire is re-lit every night until Venus rises as a Morning Star and the flame is extinguished. Like the Yolngu version this ceremony also includes the use of a wooden pole, but in this case it is held horizontally as a symbol of connection between dark and light peoples (the two moieties of the Kamilaroi/Euahlayi), and the unity of marriage. The Euahlayi/Kamilaroi also require an understanding of the celestial movements of Venus. The literature is unclear, however, on how Euahlayi/Kamilaroi elders predict the date Venus rises. Arrernte Venus as a morning and evening star are a central component of the Arrernte interpretation of Tnorala. Tnorala is a 5-kilometre-wide, 250-metre-tall ring-shaped mountain range west of Alice Springs. Arrernte people believe that in the creation period, a group of women took the form of stars and danced the Corroboree in the Milky Way. As they danced, one of the women dropped a baby which then fell to earth and formed the indent that can be seen in the ring-shaped mountain range. The baby’s parents, the morning star (father) and evening star (mother), continue to take turns looking for their baby.Arrernte parents warn their children not to stare at the morning or evening stars because the baby’s parents may mistake a staring child for their own and take them away. North Queensland Gulf Country Aboriginal peoples Similarities can be found between creator role of Barnumbirr in Yolngu culture, and the Morning Star as a creator spirit in North Queensland's Gulf Country Dreaming. Gulf country Aboriginal peoples believed that two brothers, the moon (older) and the morning star (younger) travel across the landscape in the creation period, using a boomerang to create features of the landscape such as valleys, hills and seas. == Further interpretations ==
Further interpretations
Songlines and mapping For Aboriginal Australians, songlines (also called "Dreaming Tracks") are an oral map of the landscape, setting out trading routes, and often connecting sacred sites. and Harney & Norris also argue that the Barnumbirr songline sets a course similar to that of the Victoria Highway across the Northern Territory: They call it the Victorian Highway now, but it was never the Victorian Highway at all – it was just the original Aboriginal walking track right through Arnhem Land.The historical evidence surrounding this concept is sparse but more recent work is uncovering the significance of song-lines (related to Barnumbirr and otherwise) in forming the basis for modern Australian roads. ==In the arts and media==
In the arts and media
Dance Banula Marika collaborated with founder of the Australian Dance Theatre, choreographer Elizabeth Cameron Dalman, in a dance performance entitled Morning Star (2012–3). Marika is custodian of the Morning Star story, and served as cultural consultant on the work. The Mirramu Dance Company performed Morning Star in March 2013 at the James O. Fairfax Theatre, National Gallery of Australia in Canberra. Film A forthcoming documentary film entitled Morning Star, about renowned elder and master maker and player of the yidaki, Djalu Gurruwiwi, is in the post-production phase. ==See also==
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